Which neurons in the central nervous system express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)?
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Neurons in the Central Nervous System Expressing Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)
VIP Expression in the Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is prominently expressed in neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus. These neurons extend processes that travel laterally to the third ventricle, indicating a significant role in hypothalamic functions.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
VIP is highly expressed in the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is crucial for circadian rhythm regulation. VIP influences the electrical activity of SCN neurons, leading to long-lasting changes in their firing rates through a VIP receptor-mediated increase in the cAMP pathway .
VIP in the Cerebral Cortex
Limbic Cortex and Neocortex
VIP-positive neurons are widely distributed across the limbic cortex and neocortex. These neurons are particularly abundant in layers II-IV of the neocortex, suggesting their involvement in higher nervous processes and potential neuroendocrine functions.
Visual and Auditory Cortex
In the primary visual (V1) and auditory cortex (A1), VIP-expressing neurons account for about 20% of layer 2/3 inhibitory interneurons. These neurons exhibit distinct sensory response properties, with a tendency for intensity selectivity in the A1 and broad tuning in the V1.
VIP in the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
VIP and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI) immunoreactivities are found in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. These neurons often co-express corticotropin-releasing factor, indicating a complex interplay between these peptides in hypothalamic functions.
VIP in the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)
Regenerating DRG Neurons
VIP is expressed in regenerating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in culture, independent of nerve growth factor. This suggests that VIP plays a role in the regeneration process following nerve injury.
VIP in the Enteric Nervous System
Myenteric and Submucosal Ganglia
VIP-expressing neurons are present in the myenteric and submucosal ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract. These neurons co-express mRNA for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR1) receptor, indicating a role in modulating intestinal motility through glutamatergic mechanisms.
Conclusion
VIP is widely expressed in various neurons throughout the central nervous system, including the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, dorsal root ganglion, and enteric nervous system. Its presence in these diverse regions underscores its multifaceted role in regulating physiological processes ranging from circadian rhythms to sensory processing and gastrointestinal motility.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to central and peripheral neurons.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the nervous system: Immunohistochemical evidence for localization in central and peripheral neurons, particularly intracortical neurons of the cerebral cortex
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)-Expressing Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Provide Sparse GABAergic Outputs to Local Neurons with Circadian Regulation Occurring Distal to the Opening of Postsynaptic GABAA Ionotropic Receptors
Functional response properties of VIP-expressing inhibitory neurons in mouse visual and auditory cortex
Analysis of peptide histidine-isoleucine/ vasoactive intestinal polypeptideimmunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system with special reference to their relation to corticotropin releasing factor-and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
Rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) independently of nerve growth factor
Expression of mRNA for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR1) receptor and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) co-exist in enteric neurons of the rat.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: measurement, distribution and putative neurotransmitter function.
The regional distribution of receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat central nervous system
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