New large hadron collider
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The New Large Hadron Collider: Advancements and Future Prospects
Introduction to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider. It was designed to collide proton beams with a center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV and an unprecedented luminosity of 10³⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹, allowing scientists to explore the Standard Model of physics and search for new phenomena such as the Higgs mechanism, supersymmetry, and CP violation . The LHC has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of particle physics, including the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012.
High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC)
Purpose and Design
To sustain and extend the discovery potential of the LHC, a major upgrade known as the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is planned for the 2020s. This upgrade aims to increase the luminosity by a factor of five beyond the original design value and the integrated luminosity by a factor of ten . The HL-LHC will incorporate cutting-edge technologies such as 11-12 tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation, and new beam collimation processes.
Technological Innovations
The HL-LHC will push accelerator technology beyond its current limits. Key innovations include ultra-precise phase control in superconducting cavities, high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation, and advanced cryogenics systems to handle the high-intensity beams and collisions . These advancements are crucial for maintaining the LHC's relevance and enhancing its capabilities for future research.
Large Hadron-Electron Collider (LHeC)
Concept and Goals
The Large Hadron-Electron Collider (LHeC) is designed to move the field of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) to the energy and intensity frontier of particle physics. It will collide an intense electron beam with a proton or ion beam from the HL-LHC, enabling concurrent electron-proton and proton-proton operations. The LHeC aims to explore new physics phenomena, including parton structure, QCD dynamics, and electroweak interactions, with a strong focus on Higgs physics.
Technological Challenges
The LHeC will utilize energy recovery technology and advanced superconducting radio frequency technology to achieve its goals. The design includes a detailed updated energy recovery electron linac (ERL) and a new detector design to meet the acceptance, resolution, and calibration goals required for its physics programs.
Future Circular Collider (FCC)
Overview and Objectives
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) study, launched in response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, aims to extend the energy frontier significantly. The FCC-hh, a hadron collider with a center-of-mass collision energy of 100 TeV, will build on the LHC and HL-LHC technologies to explore physics beyond the Standard Model. The FCC study also includes plans for a high-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure.
Potential Discoveries
The unprecedented collision energy of the FCC-hh will provide unique opportunities to explore new physics phenomena and make groundbreaking discoveries. It will offer great direct sensitivity to new physics, potentially uncovering phenomena that are currently beyond our reach.
Conclusion
The Large Hadron Collider and its planned upgrades, including the HL-LHC and LHeC, represent significant advancements in particle physics research. These projects will enhance our understanding of the fundamental forces and particles that make up the universe. The Future Circular Collider promises to push the boundaries even further, opening new frontiers in the quest for knowledge about the universe's deepest mysteries.
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