Nicotinamide ribosid
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Nicotinamide Riboside: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction to Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a crucial coenzyme involved in various metabolic processes. As a member of the vitamin B3 family, NR has garnered significant attention for its potential health benefits, particularly in enhancing NAD+ levels in the body .
NR and Aging: Effects on Skeletal Muscle and Inflammation
Recent studies have shown that NR supplementation can positively impact the aged human skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome. In a controlled trial, aged participants who received NR supplementation exhibited elevated levels of NAD+ metabolites and reduced circulating inflammatory cytokines, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. This suggests that NR could be beneficial in mitigating age-related metabolic decline and inflammation.
NR and Metabolic Health: Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism
Despite promising preclinical results, human trials have yielded mixed outcomes regarding NR's effects on metabolic health. A study involving obese, insulin-resistant men found that 12 weeks of NR supplementation did not improve insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, or body composition. Similarly, another trial reported no significant changes in insulin sensitivity or mitochondrial function in overweight and obese individuals after 6 weeks of NR supplementation, although minor improvements in body composition and sleeping metabolic rate were observed.
NR's Unique Properties and Bioavailability
NR is distinct among NAD+ precursors due to its unique metabolic pathways and bioavailability. It is metabolized through both degradative and kinase pathways, the latter involving nicotinamide riboside kinases (Nrk1 and Nrk2). This pathway is crucial for NR's ability to raise tissue NAD+ concentrations, which has been linked to enhanced insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neuroprotection . Additionally, NR has been shown to be orally bioavailable, with dose-dependent increases in blood NAD+ levels observed in both mice and humans.
NR and Neuroprotection
NR's potential neuroprotective effects have been highlighted in studies involving models of Alzheimer's disease. These studies suggest that NR can cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate NAD+ synthesis in the brain, offering protective benefits. This positions NR as a promising candidate for addressing neurodegenerative conditions.
NR in Human Nutrition and Future Research Directions
NR is naturally present in trace amounts in certain foods, such as milk, and can be supplemented to enhance NAD+ levels. Current research underscores the need for further studies to fully elucidate NR's therapeutic potential and safety profile. While some studies have reported limited metabolic benefits, NR's role in reducing inflammation and its potential applications in treating severe diseases warrant continued investigation .
Conclusion
Nicotinamide riboside holds promise as a supplement for enhancing NAD+ levels and potentially offering various health benefits, particularly in aging and neuroprotection. However, its effects on metabolic health in humans remain inconclusive, necessitating further research to clarify its efficacy and safety. As the body of evidence grows, NR may become a valuable tool in the prevention and treatment of age-related and metabolic disorders.
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