Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon's contaminant levels generally decreased between 1999 and 2011, allowing safe consumption of up to 1.3kg per week, with dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs being the limiting factor.

Contaminant levels in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the 13-year period from 1999 to 2011.

Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon's contaminant levels are well below established Tolerable Weekly Intakes for dioxins and dlPCBs, and the data presented in our paper supports this conclusion.

Reply to the comments to our paper "Contaminant levels in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the 13-year period from 1999 to 2011".

Farmed Atlantic salmon from Maine and eastern Canada have higher PCB concentrations than wild Alaskan Chinook salmon, with organically farmed Norwegian salmon having the highest concentrations, suggesting skin removal does not protect consumers from health risks associated with farmed salmon consumption.

PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and organochlorine pesticides in farmed Atlantic salmon from Maine, eastern Canada, and Norway, and wild salmon from Alaska.

High carry-over of potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from feed to Atlantic salmon fillets was found, with maximum levels exceeding the EU upper limit for toxaphene in fish food samples in Norway.

Carry-over of dietary organochlorine pesticides, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets.

Salmon farming poses significant health risks due to persistent organic pollutants and mercury, and the FDA needs to improve its inspection methods to ensure safe salmon imports.

Safely meeting global salmon demand

Salmonella serovars occasionally occur in Norwegian fish feed, but the risk of transmission to humans through fish products is minimal, with no evidence of transmission from fish feed to humans.

Salmonella in fish feed; occurrence and implications for fish and human health in Norway

Elevated levels of Cd in edible crabs in Mausund, Norway, indicate local geogenic sources are not a major cause of high levels in local biota.

Toxic and essential elements in seafood from Mausund, Norway

The Bayesian Network model accurately predicts the impact of drivers of change on food safety vulnerabilities in the Norwegian salmon aquaculture supply chain, with a sensitivity of 81%.

Expert-driven methodology to assess and predict the effects of drivers of change on vulnerabilities in a food supply chain: Aquaculture of Atlantic salmon in Norway as a showcase

Cadmium concentrations in commercial feeds for Atlantic salmon fry vary, potentially reducing growth and impairing fish health.

Comparison of cadmium concentrations in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry fed different commercial feeds

The risk associated with radioactivity in farmed Atlantic salmon is very low, with levels comparable to or lower than those found in other fish species in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Norwegian salmon farming has reduced marine ingredients in feed, but still remains a net producer of marine protein, with 0.7 kg of marine protein used to produce 1 kg of salmon protein in 2013.

Utilisation of feed resources in production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway

Atlantic salmon in northern Norway primarily eat euphausids, hyperid amphipods, and myctophids, with some mesopelagic feeding occurring.

The food of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., caught by long–line in northern Norwegian waters

Pathogens from farmed fish can potentially spread to wild populations, posing a risk to Norway's salmon and cod industries.

Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway

In 2016, Norwegian salmon farming used similar volumes of feed ingredients as in 2012, but marine protein sources were further reduced and replaced by plant ingredients.

Utilization of feed resources in the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway: An update for 2016

The Norwegian National Action Plan Against Salmon Lice on Salmonids (NA) effectively reduced salmon lice loads on wild salmonids from 1998-2002, but its effectiveness in reducing farmed fish lice remains unclear.

A review of the Norwegian ‘National Action Plan Against Salmon Lice on Salmonids’: The effect on wild salmonids

Copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis and cestode Eubothrium sp. cause serious economic losses in Norwegian salmon farming, while Anisakis simplex larvae are a well-known problem in wild fisheries.

A report on some metazoan parasites of wild marine salmon (Salmo salar L.) from the west coast of Norway with comments on their interactions with farmed salmon

The risk of parasitic nematodes in farmed Norwegian salmon for human consumption is very low, with no nematodes found in harvest quality fish.

Absence of parasitic nematodes in farmed, harvest quality Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway – Results from a large scale survey

Salmon lice resistance in Norway has declined with the introduction of non-medicinal treatments and cleanerfish, highlighting the importance of avoiding heavy reliance on a few substances to combat ectoparasites.

Trends in de-lousing of Norwegian farmed salmon from 2000–2019—Consumption of medicines, salmon louse resistance and non-medicinal control methods

Freshwater treatment for amoebic gill disease and sea lice in Norwegian Atlantic salmon aquaculture is variable, with varying efficacy and costs, and maintaining water quality during treatments is crucial for optimal fish welfare and treatment efficacy.

Freshwater treatment of amoebic gill disease and sea-lice in seawater salmon production: Considerations of water chemistry and fish welfare in Norway

A critical limit of acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of 20 equiv./l is suggested as the tolerance level for Norwegian surface waters, with Atlantic salmon being the most sensitive and brown trout being useful indicators for lakes.

A critical limit for acid neutralizing capacity in Norwegian surface waters, based on new analyses of fish and invertebrate responses

Some studies suggest Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon is safe for consumption with contaminant levels below established limits, while other studies highlight concerns about persistent organic pollutants and higher PCB concentrations in organically farmed salmon.