Np thyroid dosage
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NP Thyroid Dosage: Effects and Implications
Introduction to Nonylphenol (NP) and Thyroid Function
Nonylphenol (NP) is a well-known environmental endocrine disruptor (EED) that has been shown to impact thyroid function significantly. This article synthesizes findings from multiple studies to understand the dosage effects of NP on thyroid function and structure in rats.
Chronic NP Exposure and Thyroid Function
Dose-Dependent Effects on Thyroid Hormones
Chronic exposure to NP has been shown to alter thyroid hormone levels in a dose-dependent manner. In one study, male rats exposed to varying doses of NP (0.4, 4, and 40 mg/kg/day) exhibited significant changes in serum thyroid hormone levels. Specifically, free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels increased, while free thyroxine (FT4) levels decreased with higher NP doses1. Another study confirmed these findings, showing that gestational and lactational exposure to NP led to decreased FT3 and FT4 levels in F1 male rats2.
Structural Changes in Thyroid Tissue
NP exposure also induces structural changes in thyroid tissue. High-dose NP exposure (40 mg/kg/day) resulted in severe follicular epithelial stratification, reduced follicle size, and swollen mitochondria in male rats1. Similarly, another study found that NP exposure increased the thickness of the thyroid follicular epithelium and decreased follicle size in a dose-dependent manner2.
Protective Measures Against NP-Induced Thyroid Disruption
Mulberry Crude Extract (MCE) as a Mitigating Agent
Research has explored potential protective agents against NP-induced thyroid disruption. Mulberry crude extract (MCE) has shown promise in mitigating NP toxicity. In a study where rats were dosed with NP (270 mg/kg body weight) and MCE, MCE treatment significantly increased serum FT3 and FT4 levels, suggesting its potential as a detoxifying agent3.
Comparative Analysis with Other Endocrine Disruptors
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)
Similar to NP, exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has been shown to disrupt thyroid function. Rats treated with ZnO NPs exhibited significant decreases in T3, T4, and TSH levels, indicating hypothyroidism4. This suggests that various EEDs, including NP and ZnO NPs, can have profound effects on thyroid function.
Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs)
Exposure to silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) also resulted in decreased T3 and T4 levels and increased TSH levels in female rats, further supporting the notion that EEDs can disrupt thyroid hormone balance and lead to hypothyroidism5.
Conclusion
The research clearly indicates that NP exposure, even at environmental concentrations, can significantly disrupt thyroid function and structure in rats. These effects are dose-dependent and can be mitigated by agents like mulberry crude extract. Comparative studies with other EEDs like ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles highlight the broader implications of endocrine disruptors on thyroid health. Understanding these effects is crucial for developing protective strategies and regulatory policies to mitigate the impact of EEDs on thyroid function.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Effects of chronic exposure to nonylphenol at environmental concentration on thyroid function and thyroid hyperplasia disease in male rats.
Chronic exposure to nonylphenol at environmental concentrations can have toxic effects on thyroid function and induce thyroid hyperplasia disease in male rats.
RCT
Animal StudyInfluence of nonylphenol exposure on basic growth, development, and thyroid tissue structure in F1 male rats
Nonylphenol exposure during gestation and lactation can cross the placental barrier and accumulate in the thyroid of F1 male rats, impacting growth and thyroid tissue structure.
Rigorous JournalProtective effect of mulberry crude extract against nonylphenol-induced thyroid disruption by inhibiting the activity of deiodinase in rats.
Mulberry crude extract may be an effective NP-detoxification agent against thyroid disruption by regulating deiodinase3 activity in rats.
Non-RCTAnimal StudySubchronic intraperitoneal toxicity of Sio2NPs on body weight and thyroid gland hormones in female Rats
Exposure to SiO2NPs at different concentrations leads to structural and functional thyroid gland damage, causing hypothyroidism and a significant increase in body weight in female rats.
RCTInvestigation of the Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Effect on Thyroid (T3, T4) Thyroid Stimulating Hormones(TSH) in Rat
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles significantly reduce thyroid hormone levels and increase thyroid stimulating hormones in rats, suggesting potential medical applications.
RCTExposure to the endocrine disruptor nonylphenol alters structure and function of thyroid gland in rats
Exposure to nonylphenol may lead to thyroid dysfunction and contribute to thyroid disruption in rats.
Non-RCTAnimal StudySmall changes in thyroxine dosage do not produce measurable changes in hypothyroid symptoms, well-being, or quality of life: results of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
Small changes in thyroxine dosage do not significantly improve well-being or quality of life in patients with primary hypothyroidism.
RCT
Very Rigorous Journal
Highly CitedComparison of the therapeutic effects of 15 mg and 30 mg initial dosage of prednisolone daily in patients with subacute thyroiditis: protocol for a multicenter, randomized, open, parallel control study
Initial prednisolone dosage of 15 mg/day may provide non-inferiority effectiveness and lower risk compared to 30 mg/day in patients with subacute thyroiditis.
RCTVery Rigorous Journal