Otc iron
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Over-the-Counter Iron: Efficacy and Mechanisms in Oxytetracycline Removal
Introduction to Oxytetracycline (OTC) and Iron-Based Removal Methods
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a widely used antibiotic that poses significant environmental risks due to its persistence in water bodies. Various iron-based materials have been explored for their potential to remove OTC from aqueous solutions. This article synthesizes recent research on the efficacy and mechanisms of different iron-based materials in OTC removal.
Bimetallic Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particles
High Removal Efficiency with Cu/nZVI
Bimetallic nanoscale zero-valent iron particles (nZVI), particularly those combined with copper (Cu/nZVI), have shown remarkable efficiency in OTC degradation. Cu/nZVI removed 71.44% of OTC within 4 hours, outperforming both nickel/nZVI (62.34%) and nZVI alone (31.05%). The degradation mechanism involves the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) from Fe0 corrosion, which break down OTC into smaller molecules.
Microscale Zerovalent Iron (mZVI)
Influence of pH and Temperature
Microscale zerovalent iron (mZVI) has also been effective in removing OTC, with optimal performance at a pH of 3. Increasing the temperature and iron dose further enhances removal efficiency. The adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the main transformation products identified include β-Apo-OTC and α-Apo-OTC.
Magnetic Mesoporous Silica with Zero-Valent Iron
High Adsorption Capacity
Nano zero-valent iron-loaded magnetic mesoporous silica (Fe-MCM-41-A) exhibits a high adsorption capacity for OTC, reaching up to 625.90 mg/g. The adsorption process is rapid and follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The presence of competing ions like Na+, Ca2+, and Cu2+ affects the adsorption efficiency, with Cu2+ showing a continuous inhibitory effect.
Zero-Valent Iron on Activated Carbon
Synergistic Interactions
Hybrid nanocomposites of zero-valent iron loaded on activated carbon derived from corn stalk (ZVI@ACCS) have demonstrated significant adsorption capacities for OTC (72.9 mg/g). The adsorption process is influenced by temperature but remains largely independent of pH within the range of 4.2-7.1.
Fenton Iron Mud-Based Electrolysis
High Stability and Efficiency
Fenton iron mud used in cathodic-anodic-electrolysis ceramic granular fillers (ICMF) has shown high stability and efficiency in OTC removal, achieving 98.5% removal under optimal conditions (pH 3, 4-hour hydraulic retention time, anaerobic conditions). This method also maintains high total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency over extended periods.
Biochar Loaded with Nano-Zero-Valent Iron
Enhanced Adsorption and Degradation
Coconut shell biochar loaded with nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI-HBC) has been effective in OTC removal, with an adsorption capacity of 196.70 mg/g. The process involves both adsorption and degradation, fitting the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models.
Montmorillonite Clay
Iron-Modified Form
Iraqi montmorillonite clay, particularly in its iron-modified form, has shown potential as an OTC sorbent. The iron modification enhances the clay's adsorption characteristics due to the formation of stable complexes with OTC. The adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order model and fits well with the Freundlich isotherm.
Conclusion
Iron-based materials, including bimetallic nZVI, mZVI, magnetic mesoporous silica, activated carbon composites, Fenton iron mud, biochar, and montmorillonite clay, have demonstrated significant potential in the removal of oxytetracycline from aqueous solutions. These materials utilize various mechanisms such as adsorption, degradation, and complexation to achieve high removal efficiencies. Further research and optimization of these methods could enhance their practical applications in wastewater treatment.
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