Outer outer space
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Exploring Outer Space: Geopolitics, Colonization, and Human Interaction
Geopolitics and Power Relations in Outer Space
Since the Soviet Union launched the first man-made object into orbit in 1957, outer space has become a significant geopolitical arena. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 established the non-sovereign status of outer space, ensuring it remains a global commons free from national claims . However, the militarization and strategic importance of space have grown, particularly with the reliance on satellite technologies for national defense and communication. This geopolitical interest is reflected in the inclusion of space-based technologies in military doctrines, such as the Royal Air Force's new doctrine document.
The Moral Obligation to Colonize Outer Space
Colonizing outer space is seen as a way to prevent cosmic catastrophes and human extinction while offering significant benefits to humanity. Establishing bases on the Moon, Mars, and other celestial bodies, and possibly terraforming them, could provide clean energy and access to vast resources, enhancing our scientific knowledge and ensuring the survival of the human race. This perspective argues that the potential benefits and the prevention of harm create a moral obligation to pursue space colonization.
Human Geographies and Social Science Perspectives
The study of human geographies of outer space involves applying geographical perspectives to understand human-space relations and space travel. This interdisciplinary field explores various themes, including off-world mining, astropolitics, space tourism, and space law. Research in this area often critiques imperialist and capitalistic space activities, advocating for more socially inclusive visions of outer space. Despite the predominance of Western perspectives, there is a growing recognition of the need to include diverse global viewpoints in the study of outer space.
The Commercialization of Outer Space
The commercialization of outer space, driven by private enterprises like SpaceX and Blue Origin, marks a new era known as "NewSpace." This era contrasts with the Cold War period, where state-driven space activities dominated. NewSpace focuses on generating profits from satellite launches, space tourism, and asteroid mining. While these ventures are often framed in humanistic and universal terms, they primarily benefit wealthy entrepreneurs, highlighting the intersection of capitalism and space exploration.
Psychological and Cultural Perspectives
The relationship between "inner space" (the mind) and "outer space" (the extraterrestrial) is explored in Western psychedelic cultures. Influential thinkers like Terence McKenna have developed theories that blend esotericism, shamanism, and science fiction, creating a unique perspective on psychedelic experiences and their connection to outer space. Additionally, the concept of "inner space" has evolved in social psychiatry to focus on community and family dynamics, contrasting with the broader, more external focus of "outer space".
Conclusion
Outer space is a multifaceted domain encompassing geopolitical, moral, commercial, and psychological dimensions. The geopolitical significance of space, the moral arguments for colonization, the commercialization driven by private enterprises, and the cultural and psychological perspectives all contribute to a complex and evolving understanding of humanity's relationship with outer space. As we continue to explore and utilize this vast frontier, it is crucial to consider the diverse implications and ensure that our activities benefit all of humanity.
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