Particle accelerator in switzerland
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Particle Accelerators in Switzerland
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN
Overview and Location
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the largest and most powerful particle accelerator in the world, located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. This colossal machine spans a 27 km circumference and is situated 100 meters underground, straddling the Swiss-French border1 3 5.
Technological Capabilities
The LHC is designed to accelerate protons to energies of up to 7 TeV per beam, achieving a combined collision energy of 14 TeV. This allows physicists to explore the fundamental properties of matter at unprecedented energy levels3 4. The collider's primary goal is to investigate the physics of elementary particles, including the search for the Higgs boson and particles predicted by the Minimal Supersymmetric Model4.
Experimental Sites
The LHC hosts four major experimental sites, each equipped with specialized detectors: ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, and LHCb. These detectors are crucial for capturing and analyzing the results of particle collisions, providing insights into the fundamental forces and particles that constitute the universe6.
The High Intensity Proton Accelerator (HIPA) at PSI
Overview and Location
The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland operates the High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility (HIPA), which has been in operation since 1974. PSI is the largest national research center in Switzerland, focusing on a wide range of scientific disciplines, including particle physics2.
Technological Capabilities
HIPA includes several key components: an 870 keV Cockroft-Walton pre-accelerator, a 72 MeV injector cyclotron, and a 590 MeV ring cyclotron. These facilities are used for various applications, including material research and particle physics experiments2.
Radioactive Waste Management
One of the critical aspects of HIPA's operation is the management of radioactive waste. Detailed calculations and measurements are conducted to estimate the radionuclide inventory and specific activity of the nuclides produced. These estimates are essential for complying with Swiss regulatory requirements and ensuring safe disposal of radioactive waste2.
Conclusion
Switzerland is home to some of the world's most advanced particle accelerators, including the LHC at CERN and the HIPA at PSI. These facilities are at the forefront of particle physics research, enabling scientists to explore the fundamental properties of matter and the universe. The LHC's unparalleled energy levels and the HIPA's comprehensive research capabilities make Switzerland a pivotal location for advancements in this field.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Induced radioactivity studies of the shielding and beamline equipment of the high intensity proton accelerator facility at PSI
The study estimates the total volume of radioactive waste produced at the High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility (HIPA) at PSI, based on calculations and measurements, to be reported to Swiss regulatory authorities.
The LHCb Detector at the LHC
The LHCb Detector is a particle detector that measures the energy of collisions between protons in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.
Highly CitedThe physics of the large hadron collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) aims to study elementary particles at the highest energies accessible to accelerators, potentially revealing the Higgs boson and lightest particles of the Minimal Supersymmetric Model.
Proceedings of the CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Power Converters, Baden, Switzerland, 7-14 May 2014
The CERN Accelerator School's 2014 course on power converters for particle accelerators covered components, topologies, design, control, and exploitation in hostile environments, with site visits to ABB and PSI.
Tuning Particle Accelerators with Safety Constraints using Bayesian Optimization
A step-size limited variant of safe Bayesian optimization shows promising results in tuning particle accelerator parameters with safety constraints, addressing loss signals and step-size limitations.
PreprintFocus on Accelerator and Beam Physics
This Focus Issue highlights the complex research and design processes involved in producing modern particle beams, crucial for scientific discovery and exploration.
On-chip integrated laser-driven particle accelerator
Miniaturized dielectric laser accelerators can accelerate 80-keV electrons along 30 micrometers, offering a compact and cost-effective solution for particle physics applications.
Highly Cited