Phyto-oestrogenes in alimentation
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Phyto-Oestrogens in Alimentation: Health Impacts and Dietary Sources
Introduction to Phyto-Oestrogens
Phyto-oestrogens are plant-derived compounds that exhibit estrogen-like activity in the human body. These compounds, primarily found in soy products, whole grains, seeds, and certain fruits and vegetables, have garnered significant attention for their potential health benefits and risks. The two main classes of phyto-oestrogens are isoflavones and lignans, which are abundant in various dietary sources2 4.
Health Benefits of Phyto-Oestrogens
Cancer Prevention
Several studies suggest that phyto-oestrogens may play a role in reducing the risk of certain cancers, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The weak estrogenic activity of these compounds can influence hormone production and metabolism, potentially inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and promoting cell differentiation2 5. Epidemiological evidence indicates that diets rich in soy and whole grains, which are high in isoflavones and lignans, are associated with lower cancer incidence in Asian populations compared to Western countries2 5.
Cardiovascular Health
Phyto-oestrogens have also been linked to cardiovascular benefits. Isoflavones, particularly those found in soy, have been shown to reduce serum total and LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as triglycerides, in both animal and human studies. These compounds may improve vascular reactivity and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, although more research is needed to confirm these effects in humans8.
Menopausal Symptoms and Bone Health
For postmenopausal women, phyto-oestrogens can alleviate symptoms such as hot flushes and vaginal dryness. They may also contribute to bone health by exerting estrogen-like effects, potentially reducing the risk of osteoporosis2 6. However, the optimal doses and sources for these benefits are still under investigation6.
Dietary Sources of Phyto-Oestrogens
Isoflavones
Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are predominantly found in soybeans and soy-based products. These include tofu, soy milk, and soy protein isolates. The concentration of isoflavones in these foods can vary significantly based on the variety of soybeans and processing methods4. In Europe, soy analogues of dairy and meat products also contribute to isoflavone intake, although their overall contribution to the diet is relatively low4.
Lignans
Lignans are more prevalent in the European diet compared to isoflavones. Flaxseed is the richest source of lignan precursors, but other significant sources include cereal brans, legumes, and certain vegetables. These foods are more commonly consumed in Europe, making lignans a more important source of phyto-oestrogens in this region4.
Safety and Risks
Infant Nutrition
The use of soy-based infant formulas, which contain high levels of isoflavones, has raised concerns about potential hormonal effects during infancy. While some animal studies suggest negative impacts on sexual development, reproductive function, and thyroid function, human studies have not consistently supported these findings. Current evidence indicates that soy-based formulas are generally safe for most infants, although monitoring is recommended for those with congenital hypothyroidism1 7.
General Population
For the general population, the consumption of phyto-oestrogen-rich foods appears to be safe and may offer various health benefits. However, the long-term effects and optimal intake levels are still subjects of ongoing research. It is important to consider that the health impacts of phyto-oestrogens can vary based on individual dietary patterns and genetic factors6 9.
Conclusion
Phyto-oestrogens, found in a variety of plant-based foods, offer potential health benefits, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular health, and alleviation of menopausal symptoms. While soy products are a significant source of isoflavones, lignans are more prevalent in the European diet. Despite some concerns about their safety, particularly in infant nutrition, current evidence supports the general safety and potential health benefits of phyto-oestrogens. Further research is needed to establish optimal intake levels and fully understand their long-term effects.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Soy-Based Infant Formula: Are Phyto-Oestrogens Still in Doubt?
Modern soy-based infant formula use is not associated with significant abnormalities in human development, except for children with congenital hypothyroidism.
Systematic ReviewPhyto-oestrogens and Western diseases.
Phyto-oestrogens found in soybeans, whole-grain cereals, seeds, and berries may play a role in preventing cancer development and atherosclerosis, but their exact dietary amounts for prevention remain unclear.
Highly CitedPhyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland
The average intake of lignans and isoflavones in Finland is low, with variations in intake across the population, mainly from processed meat products and legumes.
Observational StudyHighly CitedFood sources of phyto-oestrogens and their precursors in Europe
European diets are more likely to include lignans, rather than soya isoflavones, as a significant source of phyto-oestrogens, potentially reducing the risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis.
Highly CitedPhyto-oestrogens and cancer.
Phyto-oestrogens in soy and whole grain products may have a protective effect against breast, prostate, and colon cancer, but their role in prevention remains unclear.
Literature ReviewHighly CitedDietary phyto-oestrogens: molecular mechanisms, bioavailability and importance to menopausal health
Phyto-oestrogens show potential in maintaining menopausal health, but optimal doses and sources remain unclear for specific health benefits.
Soy‐based formulas and phyto‐oestrogens: a safety profile
Soy-based infant formulas are a safe option for most infants, with no observed adverse effects or reproductive differences compared to cow milk formulas.
Phyto-oestrogens and cardiovascular disease risk.
Phyto-oestrogens, found in plants, may reduce cholesterol and triglycerides, potentially improving vascular reactivity, but more research is needed.
Systematic ReviewPhyto-oestrogens: where are we now?
Phyto-oestrogens, found in plant foods and legumes, may offer protection against various human conditions, but their effectiveness remains inconclusive due to insufficient analytical standards and limited research.
Highly CitedLignans and breast cancer risk in pre- and post-menopausal women: meta-analyses of observational studies
High plant lignan intake may slightly reduce post-menopausal breast cancer risk, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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