Phyto-oestrogenes in alimentation

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Phyto-Oestrogens in Alimentation: Health Impacts and Dietary Sources

Introduction to Phyto-Oestrogens

Phyto-oestrogens are plant-derived compounds that exhibit estrogen-like activity in the human body. These compounds, primarily found in soy products, whole grains, seeds, and certain fruits and vegetables, have garnered significant attention for their potential health benefits and risks. The two main classes of phyto-oestrogens are isoflavones and lignans, which are abundant in various dietary sources .

Health Benefits of Phyto-Oestrogens

Cancer Prevention

Several studies suggest that phyto-oestrogens may play a role in reducing the risk of certain cancers, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The weak estrogenic activity of these compounds can influence hormone production and metabolism, potentially inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and promoting cell differentiation . Epidemiological evidence indicates that diets rich in soy and whole grains, which are high in isoflavones and lignans, are associated with lower cancer incidence in Asian populations compared to Western countries .

Cardiovascular Health

Phyto-oestrogens have also been linked to cardiovascular benefits. Isoflavones, particularly those found in soy, have been shown to reduce serum total and LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as triglycerides, in both animal and human studies. These compounds may improve vascular reactivity and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, although more research is needed to confirm these effects in humans.

Menopausal Symptoms and Bone Health

For postmenopausal women, phyto-oestrogens can alleviate symptoms such as hot flushes and vaginal dryness. They may also contribute to bone health by exerting estrogen-like effects, potentially reducing the risk of osteoporosis . However, the optimal doses and sources for these benefits are still under investigation.

Dietary Sources of Phyto-Oestrogens

Isoflavones

Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are predominantly found in soybeans and soy-based products. These include tofu, soy milk, and soy protein isolates. The concentration of isoflavones in these foods can vary significantly based on the variety of soybeans and processing methods. In Europe, soy analogues of dairy and meat products also contribute to isoflavone intake, although their overall contribution to the diet is relatively low.

Lignans

Lignans are more prevalent in the European diet compared to isoflavones. Flaxseed is the richest source of lignan precursors, but other significant sources include cereal brans, legumes, and certain vegetables. These foods are more commonly consumed in Europe, making lignans a more important source of phyto-oestrogens in this region.

Safety and Risks

Infant Nutrition

The use of soy-based infant formulas, which contain high levels of isoflavones, has raised concerns about potential hormonal effects during infancy. While some animal studies suggest negative impacts on sexual development, reproductive function, and thyroid function, human studies have not consistently supported these findings. Current evidence indicates that soy-based formulas are generally safe for most infants, although monitoring is recommended for those with congenital hypothyroidism .

General Population

For the general population, the consumption of phyto-oestrogen-rich foods appears to be safe and may offer various health benefits. However, the long-term effects and optimal intake levels are still subjects of ongoing research. It is important to consider that the health impacts of phyto-oestrogens can vary based on individual dietary patterns and genetic factors .

Conclusion

Phyto-oestrogens, found in a variety of plant-based foods, offer potential health benefits, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular health, and alleviation of menopausal symptoms. While soy products are a significant source of isoflavones, lignans are more prevalent in the European diet. Despite some concerns about their safety, particularly in infant nutrition, current evidence supports the general safety and potential health benefits of phyto-oestrogens. Further research is needed to establish optimal intake levels and fully understand their long-term effects.