Problem solving
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Understanding and Enhancing Problem Solving: Insights from Research
Defining the Real Problem in Problem Solving
One of the most challenging aspects of problem solving is understanding and defining the real problem, often referred to as the underlying or root problem. Experienced problem solvers typically follow a structured approach to achieve this. The initial steps include collecting and analyzing relevant information and data, consulting with individuals familiar with the problem, observing the problem firsthand if possible, and confirming all findings to ensure accuracy.
Strategic Problem-Solving in Business
Strategic problem-solving is a critical skill in business, essential for identifying and mitigating issues effectively. The literature on this topic has evolved, highlighting various theories and approaches. A systematic review identified five key clusters in strategic problem-solving: product development and open innovation, organization and firm-customer relationships, creative processes and resilience, learning and skills, and partnership negotiation and supply chain management. These clusters, while distinct, complement each other and reflect the dynamic nature of problem-solving research.
Cognitive Processes in Problem Solving
Problem solving is a fundamental cognitive activity that interacts with other cognitive processes such as abstraction, learning, decision making, and analysis. It involves searching for solutions or paths to achieve a goal, utilizing internal knowledge representation models like the object-attribute-relation (OAR) model. This cognitive process can be formally described using mathematical models, which help in understanding the brain's mechanisms during problem solving.
Teaching Problem Solving in Science Education
Traditional methods of teaching problem solving in science, which often involve students working individually on numerous problems, have been surpassed by more effective strategies. Research indicates that effective problem-solving instruction should focus on the structure and function of the knowledge base, provide guidelines and criteria for self-assessment, and offer immediate feedback. Group work, when combined with these elements, can also enhance problem-solving skills.
Instructional Design for Problem Solving
Instructional design research has not sufficiently addressed problem-solving processes, despite its importance in both everyday and professional contexts. Problems vary in their structuredness, domain specificity, and complexity, requiring different instructional supports. A proposed metatheory of problem solving aims to initiate further dialogue and research, emphasizing the need for tailored instructional strategies based on the type of problem and the cognitive processes involved.
Problem Solving and Transfer of Skills
Problem solving is a crucial yet elusive educational goal. Research highlights two mechanisms for fostering the transfer of problem-solving strategies: low-road transfer and high-road transfer. These mechanisms interact with domain-specific knowledge and higher-order thinking, suggesting that effective problem-solving instruction should integrate both types of content to enhance skill transfer.
Conclusion
Problem solving is a multifaceted cognitive process essential in various domains, from business to education. Understanding the real problem, employing strategic approaches, and utilizing effective instructional methods are key to enhancing problem-solving skills. Ongoing research continues to refine our understanding and approaches, ensuring that problem-solving remains a dynamic and evolving field.
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