Research in diabetes
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Research in Diabetes
Definition and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. This condition leads to long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs, including the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels . The two primary types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, which is caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, and type 2 diabetes, which results from a combination of resistance to insulin action and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion .
Pathogenesis and Symptoms
The development of diabetes involves several pathogenic processes, ranging from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells to insulin resistance. Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, polyphagia, and blurred vision. Chronic hyperglycemia can also impair growth and increase susceptibility to infections . Acute, life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes include hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome .
Long-term Complications
Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy, which can lead to severe outcomes such as vision loss, renal failure, foot ulcers, amputations, and cardiovascular symptoms . Patients with diabetes also have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial, and cerebrovascular diseases .
Global and Societal Implications
The incidence of diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, has dramatically increased worldwide due to changes in human behavior and lifestyle, such as sedentary habits and rich nutrition. This epidemic is exacerbated by genetic susceptibility in certain ethnic groups and is associated with conditions like 'diabesity' and 'metabolic syndrome'. The prevention and control of diabetes and its complications require an integrated, international approach to reduce the significant premature morbidity and mortality it causes.
Prevalence and Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes
A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the global incidence of type 1 diabetes is 15 per 100,000 people, with a prevalence of 9.5%. These rates are increasing, making insulin access and affordability a growing concern, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries.
Challenges in Understanding and Treating Diabetes
Despite advancements in treatment, diabetes remains a lifelong illness that often worsens over time, leading to debilitating complications. Current treatments, which include diet, exercise, and medications to increase insulin levels, are not always effective in halting disease progression. The term "Insulin Resistance Syndrome" describes the combination of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, but the exact causal relationships remain unclear.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is a complex and multifaceted disease with significant health implications. Understanding its pathogenesis, managing its symptoms, and addressing its long-term complications are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Global efforts are needed to combat the rising incidence of diabetes and to ensure effective and accessible treatments for all affected individuals.
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