Research paradigm
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Understanding Research Paradigms: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction to Research Paradigms
A research paradigm is a framework that guides how scientific inquiries are conducted, encompassing the underlying assumptions, methodologies, and interpretations of data. It is essential for researchers to understand and articulate their chosen paradigm to ensure the coherence and credibility of their studies2 7.
Key Components of Research Paradigms
Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis Testing
A robust research paradigm involves fitting data into a theoretical framework governed by general laws, from which hypotheses are deduced and empirically tested. This approach, known as the deductive-nomological model, emphasizes the importance of strong inference and experimental control strategies1.
Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions
At the core of any research paradigm are its ontological (nature of reality) and epistemological (nature of knowledge) assumptions. These assumptions shape the types of scientific investigations deemed worthwhile and the methodologies employed7 9. For instance, positivism relies on a hypothetico-deductive model, focusing on verifying hypotheses through controlled experimentation and quantitative analysis9.
Common Research Paradigms
Positivism
Positivism is characterized by its emphasis on empirical evidence and generalizable findings. It involves operationalizing variables and measures to test hypotheses, often through large sample sizes and controlled experiments9. This paradigm is prevalent in fields that prioritize causal relationships and explanatory associations9.
Post-Positivism
Post-positivism, while building on positivist principles, acknowledges the limitations of absolute objectivity. It incorporates a more critical approach to knowledge, allowing for the possibility of multiple perspectives and the influence of context on findings4 10.
Interpretivism and Constructivism
Interpretivism and constructivism focus on understanding the subjective meanings and experiences of individuals. These paradigms often employ qualitative methods such as ethnography and hermeneutics to explore the complexities of human behavior and social phenomena2 10.
Pragmatism
Pragmatism is a flexible paradigm that prioritizes practical outcomes and the applicability of research findings. It supports the use of mixed methods to address research questions, emphasizing the importance of choosing methods that best suit the research objectives5 10.
Application in Various Fields
Social Sciences
In the social sciences, paradigm development involves fitting data into theoretical frameworks and testing hypotheses through empirical research. This approach helps in explaining social phenomena and developing general laws1.
Educational Research
Educational researchers often grapple with understanding and applying research paradigms. It is crucial for higher degree research students to locate their studies within a specific paradigm and justify their methodological choices to design effective research proposals2.
Operations Management
Operations management has traditionally relied on quantitative modeling and statistical analysis. However, there is a growing recognition of the need for alternative methodologies, such as longitudinal studies and action research, to address the evolving challenges in the field4.
Mixed Methods Research
Mixed methods research benefits from explicit engagement with paradigmatic foundations. Different paradigms, such as pragmatism and critical realism, offer unique advantages and guide the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods5.
Conclusion
Understanding and applying research paradigms is fundamental to conducting credible and coherent scientific inquiries. By recognizing the underlying assumptions and methodological implications of different paradigms, researchers can better design and justify their studies, ultimately contributing to the advancement of knowledge across various fields.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Paradigm Development in the Social Sciences: A Proposed Research Strategy
Paradigm development in social sciences involves fitting data into a theoretical framework, deducing hypotheses, and testing them through empirical tests.
Highly CitedUnderstanding and Applying Research Paradigms in Educational Contexts
This paper explains research paradigms and offers suggestions for effective research proposal design, helping higher degree research students design effective proposals.
Highly CitedResearch Paradigm Considerations for Emerging Scholars
This book offers an accessible exploration of research paradigms for postgraduate researchers, emerging scholars, and PhD supervisors, providing valuable insights into navigating the world of research paradigms.
Alternative research paradigms in operations
This paper proposes a new research agenda for operations management, emphasizing integrative views, alternative methodologies, and cross-disciplinary research, aiming to address a broader range of issues.
Literature ReviewHighly CitedMaking Paradigms Meaningful in Mixed Methods Research
This paper compares four major paradigmatic perspectives in mixed methods research, highlighting their unique advantages and disadvantages, to promote more explicit engagement in future research.
Highly CitedParadigms and Different Types of Research
Different research processes are categorized into DIACHRONIC and SYNCHRONOUS structures, based on their evolution over time and independence over time.
Paradigms and Research Programmes
Paradigms and research programmes are used to understand scientific understandings and the methodological understandings of scientific research.
Human inquiry : a sourcebook of new paradigm research
The new paradigm of research in human activity involves collaborative, experimental approaches rooted in subjects' experiences, offering a more holistic approach to understanding human life.
Highly CitedThe Positivism Paradigm of Research
Positivism in research emphasizes hypothesis testing, large sample sizes, and generalizable inferences, replication, and controlled experimentation, guiding scientific discoveries.
Highly CitedThe use of paradigms in information research
Adopting research paradigms in information research improves credibility and generalisability, but caution is needed in considering the weaknesses of each paradigm.
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