Selenium hypothyroidism
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The Role of Selenium in Hypothyroidism
Selenium and Thyroid Function
Selenium is a crucial trace element that plays a significant role in the regulation of thyroid hormones. It is a component of selenoproteins, which are essential for the synthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones. Selenium deficiency can lead to various thyroid dysfunctions, including hypothyroidism.
Selenium Supplementation and Hypothyroidism
Impact on Postpartum Thyroid Dysfunction
Research has shown that selenium supplementation can significantly reduce the incidence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) and permanent hypothyroidism in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb). A study involving 2143 euthyroid pregnant women found that those who received selenium supplementation had a lower prevalence of PPTD and permanent hypothyroidism compared to those who received a placebo.
Selenium Deficiency and Hypothyroidism in Children
In children, selenium deficiency has been directly linked to hypothyroidism. A study reported that treating selenium-deficient children with sodium selenite normalized their metabolism and improved clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism. This highlights the importance of adequate selenium intake for thyroid health in pediatric populations.
Dietary Selenium Intake and Subclinical Hypothyroidism
A cross-sectional analysis from the ELSA-Brasil study indicated that higher dietary selenium intake is inversely associated with the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. Participants in the higher tertiles of selenium consumption had lower odds of developing subclinical hypothyroidism compared to those in the lowest tertile. This suggests that adequate dietary selenium may help prevent subclinical hypothyroidism.
Selenium and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Selenium supplementation has also been shown to reduce thyroid inflammatory activity in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. A study involving 60 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease found that selenium supplementation significantly decreased anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels, indicating reduced thyroid inflammation.
Mechanisms of Selenium in Thyroid Health
Enzyme Activity and Thyroid Hormone Conversion
Selenium is essential for the activity of deiodinases, enzymes that convert thyroxine (T4) to the more active triiodothyronine (T3). In selenium-deficient states, the activity of these enzymes is impaired, leading to altered thyroid hormone levels. For instance, a study on rats showed that selenium deficiency and hypothyroidism independently affect the activity of various hepatic enzymes, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action.
Protective Role Against Structural Changes
Selenium has been found to protect against structural changes in the testis induced by hypothyroidism. In a study on male rats, selenium supplementation ameliorated the adverse effects of hypothyroidism on testicular structure and function, indicating its protective role in thyroid-related reproductive health.
Clinical Implications and Considerations
Selenium Supplementation in Subclinical Hypothyroidism
While some studies have shown benefits of selenium supplementation in reducing TPOAb levels and improving thyroid function, others have found no significant effect on serum TSH and anti-TPO Ab levels in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. This suggests that the effectiveness of selenium supplementation may vary depending on individual selenium status and other factors.
Risks of Indiscriminate Supplementation
It is important to note that indiscriminate selenium supplementation, especially in iodine-deficient areas, can have adverse effects. In such regions, selenium supplementation has been shown to exacerbate thyroid dysfunction in hypothyroid subjects, highlighting the need for careful consideration of both selenium and iodine status before supplementation.
Conclusion
Selenium plays a vital role in maintaining thyroid health and preventing hypothyroidism. Adequate selenium intake, either through diet or supplementation, can reduce the risk of thyroid dysfunction, particularly in selenium-deficient populations. However, the benefits of selenium supplementation may vary, and it is crucial to consider individual nutritional status and potential interactions with other micronutrients like iodine. Further research is needed to establish optimal selenium intake levels and supplementation strategies for different populations.
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