Space shuttle weight
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Space Shuttle Weight: Key Insights and Developments
Introduction to Space Shuttle Weight
The weight of the Space Shuttle has been a critical factor in its design, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Various modifications and optimizations have been proposed and implemented over the years to enhance its capabilities and reduce operational costs.
Weight Reduction Strategies
Removal of Solid-Rocket Boosters
One significant modification proposed involves the removal of the solid-rocket boosters and the addition of three Shuttle main engines to the external tank. This change results in a substantial overall weight reduction from approximately 4.53 million pounds (Mlbs) to 2.07 Mlbs, leading to a per-flight cost savings of 16 percent.
Thermal Protection System Optimization
Another approach to weight reduction focuses on the thermal protection system (TPS). By employing a first-order optimization algorithm, researchers have minimized the weight of the TPS required for re-entry. The study found that variable angle-of-attack entries require less TPS weight compared to constant angle-of-attack entries, thus optimizing the overall weight of the Shuttle.
Current Space Shuttle Parameters
Dry Weight and Cargo Capacity
The Space Shuttle Orbiter, roughly the size of a DC-9 aircraft, has a dry empty weight of about 75,000 kg. The cargo bay, an unobstructed cylindrical compartment, measures 4.6 meters in diameter and 18.3 meters in length, providing significant payload capacity.
Engine and Fuel Specifications
The Shuttle is equipped with three rocket engines fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, each capable of developing 1,668,080 Newtons of thrust. This powerful engine configuration is essential for the Shuttle's lift-off and orbital insertion.
Future Launch Vehicle Considerations
Advanced Launch Systems
To support evolving U.S. civil space activities, new launch capabilities are being developed. These include a mid-1990s Shuttle cargo vehicle capable of delivering 45,400–68,000 kg to low Earth orbit (LEO) and a very large heavy lift capability system projected to handle 90,700–181,400 kg by 2010. These advancements aim to provide larger lift capacities, better assured access, and lower operating costs.
Modular and Recoverable Designs
Future designs are embracing modularity, ruggedness, and recoverability. These features, combined with new manufacturing techniques and selected technologies, aim to achieve necessary reliabilities, operability, and cost-effectiveness.
Conclusion
The weight of the Space Shuttle has been a focal point of numerous studies and modifications aimed at improving its efficiency and reducing costs. From removing solid-rocket boosters to optimizing the thermal protection system, these efforts have significantly impacted the Shuttle's performance. As space activities continue to evolve, future launch vehicles will build on these advancements, offering greater lift capacities and enhanced operational flexibility.
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