Squamish cancer
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Summary
10 papers analyzed
These studies suggest that squamous cell carcinomas share common determinants and can be influenced by genetic, environmental, and viral factors, with advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapies improving treatment outcomes.
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Insights into Biology, Risk Factors, and Treatment
Overview of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common types of human cancers, characterized by its origin in the squamous epithelial cells. These cancers are highly heterogeneous and can arise from various epithelial tissues, including the skin, head and neck, and lungs. SCCs are known for their intrinsic self-renewal potential and complex genetic and epigenetic alterations.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC)
Incidence and Risk Factors
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer, with a rising incidence globally . Key risk factors for cSCC include advanced age, cumulative sun exposure, fair skin, prolonged immunosuppression, and a history of previous skin cancers. The development of cSCC is a multistage process involving genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and environmental factors .
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of cSCC is enhanced by dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy, which improve diagnostic accuracy. Staging systems are used to stratify patients into high- and low-risk groups, guiding treatment decisions.
Treatment Approaches
Surgical excision is the primary treatment for invasive cSCC, with radiotherapy as an alternative for patients who are not surgical candidates. Recent advances in systemic therapies, including immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors like Cemiplimab and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, have shown promise for metastatic and locally advanced cSCC .
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from various anatomical subsites, including the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Major risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and infection with oncogenic viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV). The incidence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer is increasing, particularly in developed countries.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Early-stage HNSCC is typically treated with single-modality therapy, either surgery or radiotherapy, while locally advanced cases require multimodal treatment, including surgery followed by adjuvant radiation or chemoradiation. For recurrent or metastatic disease, chemotherapy with or without biological agents is indicated.
Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LSCC)
Genomic Characterization
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a significant subtype of lung cancer, characterized by complex genomic alterations. Comprehensive genomic profiling has identified recurrent mutations in genes such as TP53, NFE2L2, KEAP1, and CDKN2A, among others . These findings have opened new avenues for targeted therapies in LSCC .
Emerging Therapies
The discovery of specific genetic alterations in LSCC has led to the development of targeted therapeutic agents. For instance, mutations in the PI3K pathway and amplifications in FGFR1 and DDR2 have been identified as potential targets for new treatments.
Conclusion
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) encompasses a diverse group of cancers with distinct biological, genetic, and clinical characteristics. Advances in genomic and molecular research have significantly improved our understanding of SCC, leading to the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Continued research and clinical trials are essential to further refine treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes across different types of SCC.
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