Stability of sides of quarries
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Stability of Quarry Sides: Key Factors and Assessment Methods
Introduction to Quarry Side Stability
The stability of quarry sides is a critical aspect of mining operations, influencing both safety and operational efficiency. Various factors, including geological conditions, external loads, and mining methods, play a significant role in determining the stability of quarry sides. This article synthesizes recent research on the stability of quarry sides, highlighting key findings and methodologies used in stability assessment.
Geological and Structural Factors
Rock Composition and Geological Structure
The geological structure and composition of the rock mass are fundamental to the stability of quarry sides. Studies have shown that the stability of quarry sides is significantly influenced by the type of rocks and their arrangement. For instance, the southern side of a quarry composed of clayey sediments, siltstones, mudstones, and coal seams exhibits varying stability characteristics depending on the depth and type of rock layers . The strength characteristics of these rocks determine the stress state of the slopes, which is crucial for stability assessment.
Stress-Strain State and Creep
The stress-strain state of the rock mass around the quarry sides is another critical factor. Research indicates that the stress-strain state, influenced by external loads such as rock dumps, affects the stability margin of the quarry sides. The lowest stability is often observed at the lower ledges, which can lead to the weakening of upper ledges and potential landslides. Additionally, the creep of the rock mass, which refers to the slow deformation over time, must be considered in stability assessments. A multifactorial mathematical model can help determine the parameters affecting stability, taking into account the creep of the rock mass.
Technological and Operational Factors
Drilling and Blasting Operations
Technological factors, particularly drilling and blasting operations, have a significant impact on the stability of quarry sides. Effective technological schemes must consider the geological structure of the contour array to ensure safety. The angle of inclination and the method of excavation are crucial in maintaining stability, especially in deep quarries.
Monitoring and Predictive Assessment
Modern methods for monitoring and predicting the stability of quarry sides involve the use of observation stations and advanced technologies. For example, fiber-optic sensors have been developed to monitor the displacement of the mountain range, providing high measurement accuracy and linearity. Predictive assessments based on the comparison of critical and actual relative deformations can help control the stability of both working and non-working slopes.
Risk-Based Approaches
Risk-Oriented Stability Assessment
A risk-based approach to stability assessment involves analyzing the probability of certain risks and selecting measures to mitigate them. This approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the stability of quarry sides and dumps, addressing the shortcomings in existing regulatory documents. By constructing fault trees and applying preventive measures, the risk of collapse and associated occupational injuries can be significantly reduced.
Advanced Modeling Techniques
3D Numerical Models
For complex quarry geometries, traditional limit equilibrium analyses may not suffice. Instead, 3D numerical models provide a more accurate assessment of overall stability. These models can simulate real episodes of instability and help in planning future exploitation safely. For instance, in the case of a limestone quarry in Northern Italy, 3D numerical models were used to evaluate the stability of slopes, taking into account the results of various site investigation campaigns.
Conclusion
The stability of quarry sides is influenced by a combination of geological, technological, and operational factors. Advanced monitoring systems, predictive assessments, and risk-based approaches are essential for ensuring the safety and stability of quarry operations. By integrating these methods, mining operations can effectively manage the stability of quarry sides, minimizing the risk of landslides and ensuring safe working conditions.
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