Staphylococcus arletttae
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Staphylococcus arlettae: An Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen
Introduction to Staphylococcus arlettae
Staphylococcus arlettae is a coagulase-negative, novobiocin-resistant staphylococcal species first identified from the skin and nares of poultry and goats. This bacterium has garnered attention due to its presence in various environments and its potential implications in both human and animal health.
Genomic Insights and Virulence Factors
Recent genomic studies have provided significant insights into the potential virulence and antibiotic resistance of S. arlettae. The genome of a methicillin-resistant isolate named Bari revealed numerous antibiotic resistance genes, including mec, van, and cls, which are commonly found in pathogenic staphylococci like S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Additionally, virulence-associated genes such as ica, nuc, and ssp were identified, suggesting that S. arlettae possesses mechanisms that could contribute to its pathogenicity.
Antibiotic Resistance
S. arlettae has demonstrated resistance to multiple antibiotics. A novel plasmid, pSA-01, isolated from a chicken farm, harbors nine antibiotic resistance genes, including cfr and fosD, indicating a high potential for antibiotic resistance dissemination. This resistance profile underscores the importance of monitoring and controlling the spread of this bacterium in both clinical and agricultural settings.
Environmental and Clinical Isolates
S. arlettae has been isolated from various environments, including industrial effluents and contaminated soils. For instance, strain Cr11, isolated from tannery effluent, showed remarkable tolerance to hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals, and it promoted plant growth in contaminated environments. Another strain, NBRIEAG-6, demonstrated arsenic hypertolerance and enhanced arsenic uptake in Brassica juncea, highlighting its potential for bioremediation.
Clinical Relevance
Although traditionally considered less pathogenic, S. arlettae has been implicated in human infections. A strain was isolated from the blood of a cardiovascular disease patient, indicating its potential as an opportunistic pathogen. Additionally, its presence in intra-oral sutures of patients undergoing periodontal surgery suggests a risk for surgical site infections.
Biotechnological Applications
Beyond its clinical implications, S. arlettae has shown promise in biotechnological applications. Strain VN-11 was effective in biodegrading textile azo dyes through a sequential microaerophilic/aerobic process, reducing toxicity and organic carbon levels in the effluent. This capability positions S. arlettae as a valuable agent in environmental cleanup efforts.
Conclusion
Staphylococcus arlettae is an emerging bacterium with significant implications in both health and environmental contexts. Its antibiotic resistance, potential for pathogenicity, and biotechnological applications warrant further research and monitoring. Understanding its genomic makeup and environmental adaptability will be crucial in managing its impact on public health and leveraging its capabilities for environmental remediation.
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