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These studies suggest that sugar intake should be minimized due to its links to dental caries, chronic metabolic diseases, hypertension, and elevated blood pressure levels.
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Fasting Blood Sugar Levels: The normal fasting blood sugar level typically ranges between 70 and 110 mg/dL. This range is consistent for both adults and children, with minimal fluctuations observed over several hours. Studies on infants aged two to five months also show slight variations in blood sugar levels, indicating a stable blood sugar profile in early childhood.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Sugars: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has reviewed the impact of dietary sugars on health, particularly focusing on chronic metabolic diseases, pregnancy-related endpoints, and dental caries. The review found no positive relationship between dietary sugars and chronic metabolic diseases when sugars are consumed in isocaloric exchange with other macronutrients. However, there is moderate evidence linking added/free sugars to obesity and dyslipidemia, and low to very low evidence for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Consequently, it is recommended to keep the intake of added and free sugars as low as possible within a nutritionally adequate diet.
Sugar Preferences in Yoghurt: A study investigating the preferred sugar levels in plain yoghurt found that the ideal sugar concentration, as determined by a rapid test, was around 6.3%, while the consumption test indicated a slightly higher preference at 7.5%. This suggests that while rapid tests can predict consumption behavior, individual preferences may vary, and not all consumers' behaviors align with the predicted ideal sugar levels.
Association with Blood Pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies have shown a positive association between sugar intake and the risk of hypertension. Specifically, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) were linked to an increased risk of hypertension, with SSBs also significantly affecting systolic blood pressure (SBP). Additionally, fructose, sucrose, and added sugars were associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP), further supporting the harmful effects of high sugar intake on blood pressure levels.
Maintaining normal blood sugar levels is crucial for overall health, and understanding the impact of dietary sugars is essential for managing risks associated with chronic diseases and hypertension. While normal fasting blood sugar levels are relatively stable in both children and adults, the intake of added and free sugars should be minimized to reduce the risk of obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Preferences for sugar levels in food can vary, but general guidelines suggest keeping sugar consumption as low as possible for optimal health.
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