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Understanding Tooth Surface Caries: A Comprehensive Overview
Prevalence of Caries on Individual Tooth Surfaces
Caries Distribution by Jaw and Tooth Type
Research indicates that caries distribution is higher in the maxillary jaw (62.4%) compared to the mandibular jaw (37.6%). Among different tooth types, molars, particularly their occlusal fissures, are most susceptible to caries, with rates ranging from 52.7% to 66.3%. Approximal surfaces of incisors, canines, and premolars also show high caries rates, ranging from 58.5% to 77.5%.
Gender and Age Differences in Caries Prevalence
Females exhibit a higher incidence of caries (59.1%) compared to males (40.9%). Caries are most prevalent among individuals aged 17 to 25 years, with a noticeable decrease in incidence as age increases. However, the pattern of caries distribution across different tooth surfaces remains consistent across genders and age groups, except for individuals older than 65 years.
Clustering of Tooth Surfaces Based on Caries Risk
Hierarchical Clustering of Tooth Surfaces
A study using hierarchical clustering identified five distinct groups of tooth surfaces based on caries co-occurrence: pit and fissure molar surfaces, mandibular anterior surfaces, posterior non-pit and fissure surfaces, maxillary anterior surfaces, and mid-dentition surfaces. These clusters help in understanding the specific risk factors influencing caries development on different tooth surfaces.
Genetic and Environmental Influences
Some cluster-based caries outcomes are heritable, indicating genetic regulation, while others are influenced by factors such as age, sex, educational attainment, and toothbrushing habits. This suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of caries on specific tooth surfaces.
Caries Experience and Tooth Surface Analysis
Caries Experience in Different Age Groups
Caries experience varies significantly with age, with younger individuals showing lower mean DMFS (decayed, missing, or filled surfaces) scores compared to older individuals. The first molar teeth exhibit the greatest caries experience, particularly on occlusal surfaces. Lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water significantly reduces caries experience, especially on approximal surfaces.
Accuracy of Caries Detection Methods
Comparative studies of radiographic and direct clinical assessments reveal that radiolucencies in the outer half of enamel are less likely to be cavitated compared to those extending into the dentine. This highlights the importance of accurate diagnostic methods for determining the optimal threshold for restorative interventions at approximal sites.
Technological Advances in Tooth Surface Analysis
3D Printing and Intraoral Scanners
The accuracy of 3D-printed dental models varies across different tooth surfaces, with occlusal surfaces, especially pits and fissures of posterior teeth, showing greater distortions. Intraoral scanners (IOS) and advanced deep-learning methods like MeshSegNet have significantly improved the precision of automated tooth labeling on raw dental surfaces, aiding in orthodontic treatment planning.
CBCT and Dental MRI for Tooth Surface Reconstruction
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and dental magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) are reliable imaging techniques for reconstructing tooth surfaces in vivo. CBCT is more accurate than dMRI, even in the presence of metal artifacts, making it a preferred choice for guided implant surgery.
Conclusion
Understanding the distribution and risk factors of caries on different tooth surfaces is crucial for effective dental care. Advances in clustering analysis, diagnostic methods, and imaging technologies provide valuable insights into caries prevalence and aid in the development of targeted preventive and restorative strategies.
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