Symptoms of cardiac arrest

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Symptoms of Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest is a sudden and often unexpected event where the heart ceases to function effectively, leading to a loss of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Recognizing the symptoms that precede cardiac arrest can be crucial for timely intervention and potentially saving lives. This article synthesizes findings from multiple studies to highlight the common symptoms associated with cardiac arrest.

Common Symptoms of Cardiac Arrest

Chest Pain and Dyspnea

Chest pain and dyspnea (difficulty breathing) are frequently reported symptoms before cardiac arrest. Studies have shown that chest pain is present in about 33% of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) cases, while dyspnea is reported in approximately 41% of cases . These symptoms are more specific to cardiac arrest compared to other conditions, although their sensitivity is relatively low.

Syncope and Palpitations

Syncope (fainting) and palpitations are also notable symptoms. Syncope was reported in 12.7% of cardiac origin cases, while palpitations were less frequently noted but still significant . These symptoms can indicate underlying cardiac issues that may lead to arrest.

Breathing Problems

Breathing problems are a predominant symptom, especially in the hours leading up to cardiac arrest. In one study, 59.4% of patients who contacted emergency medical services (EMS) within 24 hours before their arrest reported breathing problems. This symptom is also common in non-cardiac origins of cardiac arrest, highlighting its importance as a warning sign .

Other Symptoms

Other symptoms such as diaphoresis (excessive sweating), confusion, unconsciousness, and seizure-like activity have also been reported. Diaphoresis and seizure-like activity were found to be significantly higher in cardiac arrest cases compared to controls. Confusion and unconsciousness were reported in 23% and 20.2% of cases, respectively, in the 24 hours preceding cardiac arrest.

Age and Sex Differences in Symptoms

The manifestation of symptoms can vary based on age and sex. For instance, chest pain is more common in middle-aged men (48%) compared to middle-aged women (24%), while dyspnea is more prevalent in middle-aged women (39%) compared to men (22%). These differences suggest that age and sex should be considered when assessing the risk of cardiac arrest based on symptoms.

Importance of Early Recognition

Early recognition of these symptoms and prompt activation of emergency medical services can significantly improve outcomes. Studies have shown that patients with symptoms who contacted EMS had better neurological outcomes and higher survival rates . This underscores the importance of public awareness and education on recognizing and responding to warning signs of cardiac arrest.

Conclusion

Recognizing the symptoms of cardiac arrest, such as chest pain, dyspnea, syncope, and breathing problems, is crucial for timely intervention. These symptoms can vary based on age and sex, and early recognition can improve survival rates. Public education on these warning signs and the importance of immediate medical attention can potentially save lives.