The particles in liquid are usually
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Characteristics and Dynamics of Particles in Liquids
Particle Behavior in Viscoelastic Liquids
Particles suspended in viscoelastic liquids exhibit unique dynamics due to the non-Newtonian properties of the fluid. These properties significantly influence the motion and patterning of the particles. Theoretical predictions, experimental observations, and numerical simulations have shown that fluid elasticity can induce peculiar phenomena, such as altered particle motion and patterning2. The dynamics of rigid particles in flowing viscoelastic liquids are particularly complex, involving single-particle problems, binary interactions, and multi-body systems2.
Liquid Transfer Between Particles
The transfer of liquid between particles is crucial in various industrial processes, including flotation, spray-coating, flocculation, granulation, and drying. The local liquid concentration within a particle bed affects the flow behavior and performance of the system. A dynamic liquid transfer model has been developed to track moisture levels on individual particles and simulate liquid transfer during contact formation and breaking3. This model is applicable to a wide range of particle processing operations3.
Dispersion and Attraction on Fluid-Liquid Interfaces
Particles at fluid-liquid interfaces initially disperse due to capillary forces, which pull them into the interface and cause them to accelerate. This motion, dominated by inertia, results in oscillations before the particles come to a stop under viscous drag. The spontaneous dispersion is driven by repulsive hydrodynamic forces from these oscillations. Subsequently, particles may cluster into monolayers due to attractive lateral forces, especially for particles larger than 10 µm, which form tightly packed monolayers with defects4. The application of an electric field can control particle spacing and eliminate defects, allowing the formation of monolayers even for smaller particles4.
Colloidal Particles at Fluid-Fluid Interfaces
Solid particles at fluid-fluid interfaces play a significant role in various industrial products and processes, such as antifoam formulations, crude oil emulsions, and aerated foodstuffs. These particles can stabilize emulsions and foams, acting similarly to surfactant molecules but with distinct advantages. The behavior of particles at interfaces includes the formation of particle-stabilized emulsions, foams, dry liquids, liquid marbles, and powdered emulsions5. This area of study has become multidisciplinary, involving fundamental science and potential applications5.
Particle Pairing in Liquids
In some instances, particles in liquids may travel as non-touching pairs due to van der Waals attraction, opposed by double layer repulsion from ions in the liquid. Electrostatic attraction can also lead to transient pairings followed by agglomeration. These particle pairs exhibit different dynamic, electrostatic, statistical, and optical characteristics compared to single particles. The presence of particle pairs can provide insights into the chemical and flow conditions in the liquid6. However, the fraction of pairs is typically small and may not significantly affect particle counting and analysis methods6.
Phase Inversion of Particle-Stabilized Materials
Phase inversion of particle-stabilized materials, such as from foams to dry water, can be driven by changes in particle hydrophobicity or the air/water ratio. This inversion is achieved in a single system and has potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The resultant materials, where either air or water becomes encapsulated, demonstrate the versatility of particle-stabilized systems7.
Conclusion
The behavior of particles in liquids is influenced by various factors, including fluid properties, liquid transfer dynamics, and interactions at interfaces. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing industrial processes and developing new materials. The study of particles in viscoelastic liquids, liquid transfer models, dispersion and attraction at interfaces, and phase inversion of particle-stabilized materials provides valuable insights into the complex behavior of particles in different liquid environments.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
The physics of empty liquids: from patchy particles to water
Empty liquids behave like water when they are connected to patchy particles, revealing connections between their properties and water's complex phase diagram.
Particle dynamics in viscoelastic liquids
Fluid elasticity significantly affects particle motion and patterning in viscoelastic liquids, with various complex interactions and flow fields affecting particle motion and patterning.
Literature Review
Highly CitedNumerical simulation of liquid transfer between particles
This study introduces a dynamic liquid transfer model for discrete element modeling of heterogeneous particle systems, improving performance in various particle processing applications.
Highly CitedDispersion and attraction of particles floating on fluid–liquid surfaces
Applying an electric field to fluid-liquid interfaces can control particle distribution and control the microstructure of monolayers, allowing for more efficient particle clustering and removal of defects.
Colloidal Particles at a Range of Fluid-Fluid Interfaces.
Particles at fluid-fluid interfaces offer unique advantages in industrial products and processes, offering advantages over traditional surfactants.
Highly CitedInvestigation of particle pairing in liquids
Particles in highly dilute tap water may travel as nontouching pairs, with 0.3% showing significant evidence for pairs, but this small fraction does not require altering particle counting and analysis methods.
Phase inversion of particle-stabilized materials from foams to dry water
Particle-stabilized air-water systems can be inverted from foams to dry water, offering potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries.
Highly CitedWhat Is a Simple Liquid
A simple liquid is defined by having strong correlation between virial and potential energy equilibrium fluctuations in the NVT ensemble, rather than being defined by intermolecular potentials.
Highly CitedDynamics of structural transitions in liquids
Transition rates between alternative structures in liquids vary with total system energy, affecting self-diffusion and viscous flow.
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