Time in a black hole
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Understanding Time in a Black Hole
Quantum States and Space-Time Structure in Black Holes
Recent advancements in quantum gravity suggest that black holes can form statistical distributions of quantum states. A new theory proposes that particles entering a black hole can generate firewalls, which can be replaced by the 'footprints' they leave in outgoing particles. This process can preserve the quantum information stored inside and around the black hole, indicating a significant shift in our understanding of space-time structure. The theory also suggests a modification of the Schwarzschild metric topology, specifically the antipodal identification of points on the horizon, which implies that vacuum fluctuations might include virtual black holes, radically altering the conventional view of space-time1.
Initial Data and Time Asymmetry in Black Holes
In the context of dynamic black holes and black-hole collisions, initial data can be constructed using nonsingular vacuum Cauchy hypersurfaces with two isometric asymptotically flat ends connected by an Einstein-Rosen-type bridge. These hypersurfaces, which are conformally flat and maximally embedded in space-time, are neither spherically symmetric nor time symmetric. The data represent a specific epoch in the history of a dynamic black hole and can transform invariantly under inversion through a minimal two-surface, known as the "throat" of the geometry. This approach helps in understanding the initial conditions and evolution of black holes, including their relation to Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes2.
Relativistic Lifetime of Spinning Black Holes
The lifetime of black holes, particularly spinning ones, has been studied using a relativistic model proposed by Stephen Hawking. According to this model, the lifetime of a black hole is dependent on both its mass and its spinning velocity. The formula (\Gamma = 2.098(M/M_{\odot})^3 \times 10^{67}) years provides a way to estimate the relativistic lifetime of spinning black holes, highlighting the significant influence of these parameters on the longevity of black holes3.
Conclusion
The study of time in black holes encompasses various aspects, from quantum states and space-time structure to initial data for dynamic black holes and their relativistic lifetimes. These insights collectively enhance our understanding of the complex nature of black holes and their behavior over time. The preservation of quantum information, the role of initial conditions, and the impact of mass and spin on black hole lifetimes are crucial elements in this ongoing research.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Virtual Black Holes and Space–Time Structure
Virtual black holes in quantum gravity can preserve quantum information and modify the structure of space-time, potentially radically changing our understanding of quantum gravity.
Time-asymmetric initial data for black holes and black-hole collisions
This paper presents initial data for dynamic black holes and black-hole collisions, demonstrating that the data represent a particular epoch in the history of a dynamic black hole.
Highly CitedRelativistic life time of spinning black holes
The relativistic life time of spinning black holes is dependent on both their mass and spinning velocity, as proposed by Stephen Hawking.
The volume inside a black hole
The three-dimensional spatial volume inside a black hole depends on the definition of time, and can even be time-dependent or zero, while the surface area remains the same for all observers.
Formation and evaporation of nonsingular black holes.
Nonsingular black holes can form and evaporate, with their formation involving a compact space-time region of trapped surfaces and their evaporation involving negative-energy flux and surface pressure.
Highly CitedBlack hole explosions?
Black holes may have finite lives, with smaller black holes evaporating by now, and their rate of emission being similar to a body with a temperature of 106 (Mcirċ/M)K.
Highly CitedBlack hole thermodynamics: general relativity and beyond
Black hole thermodynamics provide insights into gravity and space-time structure, offering insights beyond general relativity.
Black holes in higher dimensional space-times
Spinning black holes in higher dimensions can have arbitrarily large angular momentum, similar to Kerr and Schwarzschild metrics, but with a unique exception for N 5.
Highly CitedWhat is a black hole?
A black hole is the closure of the smallest future set that has the following properties:
Black hole in three-dimensional spacetime.
The 2+1 black hole solution in 2+1 spacetime dimensions with a negative cosmological constant is similar to its 3+1 counterpart, with anti-de Sitter space appearing as a negative energy state separated by a mass gap from the continuous black hole spectrum.
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