Toxic salmon
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Toxic Salmon: An Overview of Contaminants and Their Effects
Mycotoxins in Atlantic Salmon
Identification and Toxicity Prediction
Recent studies have identified the presence of mycotoxins in the edible tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Using advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, researchers detected 40 different mycotoxins, including enniatins, rugulosin, and ophiobolins, which are commonly found in cereals and their by-products. These findings suggest that mycotoxins can transfer from fish feed to the organs and tissues of farmed salmon. In silico toxicity predictions indicate that some of these mycotoxins possess significant toxic properties, warranting further attention.
Uranium Toxicity in Atlantic Salmon
Hepatic Transcriptomic Profiling
Exposure to depleted uranium (DU) has been shown to cause significant changes in the liver gene expression of Atlantic salmon. Studies have identified hundreds of differentially expressed genes associated with mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress, and nuclear receptor signaling. These changes suggest that uranium exposure can lead to oxidative stress and disrupt cellular homeostasis, potentially causing organ damage and other downstream effects such as apoptosis and DNA repair.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Farmed vs. Wild Salmon
Contaminant Levels and Geographic Variations
Research comparing farmed and wild salmon has revealed that farmed salmon, particularly those raised in Europe, have higher levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) than their wild counterparts. This disparity is attributed to differences in feeding practices and environmental exposures. Among wild salmon species, chinook salmon exhibited the highest PBDE levels, likely due to their feeding behavior and position in the food web.
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) Toxins
Impact on Atlantic Salmon
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, produced by dinoflagellates like Alexandrium fundyense, have been implicated in fish kills, including substantial mortalities of Atlantic salmon. These toxins can accumulate in fish tissues, leading to the induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P-450 and glutathione S-transferase. This enzymatic response suggests a potential metabolic pathway for detoxifying PSP toxins in salmon .
Pesticide Mixtures and Elevated Temperatures
Synergistic Effects on Coho Salmon
The combination of pesticide exposure and elevated water temperatures has been shown to increase the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides in juvenile coho salmon. These conditions potentiate the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase, leading to neurotoxicity and disrupted swimming behavior. The findings highlight the importance of considering environmental factors, such as temperature, in assessing the toxicity of chemical mixtures.
6PPD-Quinone Toxicity
Species-Specific Sensitivity
The chemical 6PPD-quinone, derived from tire rubber, has been identified as highly toxic to certain fish species, including coho salmon. However, studies have shown that Atlantic salmon and brown trout exhibit no significant mortality or behavioral changes when exposed to this contaminant. This variability underscores the need for species-specific risk assessments in environmental toxicology .
Copper-Induced Olfactory Toxicity
Cross-Species Extrapolation
Copper exposure from urban runoff and other sources has been shown to impair the olfactory function of salmonids, including coho salmon and steelhead. This disruption affects their ability to detect environmental cues, which is critical for survival and reproduction. The consistency of these effects across different species and rearing environments supports the broader applicability of copper toxicity data.
Conclusion
The presence of various contaminants, including mycotoxins, uranium, PBDEs, PSP toxins, pesticides, 6PPD-quinone, and copper, poses significant risks to salmon populations. These substances can cause a range of toxic effects, from metabolic disruptions to neurotoxicity and impaired sensory functions. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing effective conservation and pollution reduction strategies to protect these vital aquatic species.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Mycotoxin Identification and In Silico Toxicity Assessment Prediction in Atlantic Salmon
Hepatic transcriptomic profiling reveals early toxicological mechanisms of uranium in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Global assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in farmed and wild salmon.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins induce xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Paralytic shellfish toxins in zooplankton, mussels, lobsters and caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during a bloom of Alexandrium fundyense off Grand Manan Island, in the Bay of Fundy
Elevated temperatures increase the toxicity of pesticide mixtures to juvenile coho salmon.
Acute Toxicity Testing of the Tire Rubber–Derived Chemical 6PPD‐quinone on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)
Acute Toxicity of 6PPD‐Quinone to Early Life Stage Juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon
The toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense as the probable cause of mortality of caged salmon in Nova Scotia
Copper-induced olfactory toxicity in salmon and steelhead: extrapolation across species and rearing environments.
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