Urban compactness; GIS
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Urban Compactness and GIS: A Comprehensive Analysis
Introduction to Urban Compactness and GIS
Urban compactness is a critical concept in sustainable urban development, aiming to create efficient, livable, and environmentally friendly cities. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a pivotal role in measuring and analyzing urban compactness, providing spatial data and tools necessary for comprehensive urban planning.
Measuring Urban Compactness at the Neighborhood Scale
A study focusing on Dhaka, Bangladesh, highlights the importance of evaluating urban compactness at the neighborhood level, especially in developing countries. The research developed a Composite Compactness Index (CCI) using six indicators: population density, evenness of development, clustering nature of development, land-use diversity, floor use mix, and road network connectivity. The study classified neighborhoods into low, moderate, and high compactness, suggesting that low and moderate compact neighborhoods need immediate planning interventions to improve their compactness.
GIS and AHP in Urban Compactness Analysis
In Bialystok, Poland, GIS technology combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to identify compact urban areas with fully developed functional and spatial structures. This method provided measurable criteria for urban compactness, resulting in maps categorizing the study area based on development levels. This approach supports urban policy models promoting compact city concepts.
Three-Dimensional Urban Compactness
A study in Metro Vancouver, Canada, introduced a spatial index for three-dimensional (3D) urban compactness, considering vertical growth. This index, derived from parameters like vertical urban growth suitability, land designation, and average building height, projected urban compactness growth over 30 years. The results indicated that compactness growth concentrated near densely populated and transportation-oriented locations, aiding local governments in sustainable regional planning.
Functional Compactness Index (FCI)
A novel Functional Compactness Index (FCI) was developed to measure urban functional compactness by integrating multiple geospatial data sources, including Points of Interest (POIs), road networks, and nighttime light data. The FCI effectively reflects human activity intensity, functional zone differentiation, and the mixing degree of different zones, providing a comprehensive tool for urban planning and comparison among cities.
Sustainable City Compactness Evaluation
In Lithuania, a GIS-based method using game theory and Bayes rule was applied to evaluate city compactness. This approach helped identify problematic areas in urban fabric density and provided a data bank of population, public transport stops, and places of public attraction. The results were visualized to highlight areas needing intervention for improved compactness.
Reconciling Compactness with Green Spaces
A spatial planning model developed for peri-urban areas in Campinas, Brazil, aimed to reconcile medium to high building densities with the provision of green spaces. This model, validated through expert workshops and surveys, supports knowledge-based development while ensuring accessibility to green spaces, serving as a planning tool for resilient and sustainable urban development.
Compactness in Chinese Cities
Research on 160 Chinese cities used density and mixed land use to measure urban compactness, identifying spatial clustering patterns and influencing factors. The study found significant regional variations, with higher compactness in southern cities. The results suggest that urban compactness is influenced by multiple factors, necessitating tailored policy-making for different local conditions.
New Geometric Interpretations of Compactness
A study introduced new geometric interpretations and indicators of urban compactness, focusing on diameter and perimeter. These indicators were applied to English urban areas, providing insights into the core concept of compactness and suggesting additional measures like built and population compactness.
Compactness in Mountainous Cities
In Kigali, Rwanda, GIS functions were used to evaluate urban form and compactness characteristics. The study found a trend of decreasing compactness due to haphazard development and lack of regulatory control, highlighting the need for sustainable urban planning measures.
Urban Compactness in Canada
A Canadian study applied Bayesian multivariate spatial factor analysis to construct a composite urban compactness index for Census Tracts (CTs). The index, based on density, centering, land use, and street connectivity, revealed significant local variations in compactness across Canada. The findings support smart and sustainable urban development by allowing direct comparisons of urban compactness across regions.
Conclusion
GIS technology and various analytical methods provide robust tools for measuring and enhancing urban compactness. These studies underscore the importance of tailored approaches to urban planning, considering local conditions and integrating functional, spatial, and environmental factors to achieve sustainable urban development.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
GIS-based compactness measurement of urban form at neighborhood scale: The case of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Application of gis technology and AHP to determine the areas with fully developed, compact functional and spatial structure: A case study of Bialystok, Poland
A local and regional spatial index for measuring three-dimensional urban compactness growth
Measuring urban compactness based on functional characterization and human activity intensity by integrating multiple geospatial data sources
Sustainable city compactness evaluation on the basis of GIS and bayes rule
Green and Compact: A Spatial Planning Model for Knowledge-Based Urban Development in Peri-Urban Areas
The compactness of spatial structure in Chinese cities: measurement, clustering patterns and influencing factors
Urban Compactness: New Geometric Interpretations and Indicators
Evaluating the urban form of a mountainous city from the perspective of compactness characteristics: Kigali city, Rwanda
Urban form in Canada at a small-area level: Quantifying “compactness” and “sprawl” with bayesian multivariate spatial factor analysis
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