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These studies suggest that visuomotor synergy involves the integration of perceptual and motor information across various brain regions, including the inferior temporal and ventral prefrontal cortex, bilateral dorsal fronto-parietal areas, and large-scale cortical networks, with contributions from genetic factors and differences observed in specific conditions like aging, neurogenetic syndromes, and Parkinson's disease.
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Visuomotor integration is the process by which visual information is translated into motor actions. This complex process involves multiple brain regions working in concert to ensure accurate and timely responses to visual stimuli. Understanding how both hemispheres of the brain contribute to this integration is crucial for comprehending the underlying mechanisms of motor control and learning.
Research has shown that visuomotor learning involves a distributed cortical network, particularly a temporo-prefrontal circuit. During the early stages of learning, the hippocampal/parahippocampal complex is active, while the basal ganglia system supports later stages of learning. This indicates that different brain regions are recruited at various stages of learning to integrate perceptual information with executive processes.
The integration of visual motion information with motor actions, especially in dynamic situations, involves a bilateral dorsal fronto-parietal network. This network includes the intraparietal sulcus, angular gyrus, and the human visual motion area hV5+. These areas are crucial for predicting the future position of moving objects and timing motor actions accordingly.
Efficient visuomotor behavior requires integrated processing by visual and motor systems across the cerebral cortex. Studies have shown that activations appear earliest in the striate cortex and rapidly spread to other visual areas. Early onset latencies are also observed in motor, premotor, and prefrontal areas, suggesting concurrent processes of visual, motor, and executive areas during perceptual decision formation and response selection.
Visuomotor maps learned through experience with one limb can benefit the other limb, but this transfer is often partial. Strong, immediate transfer occurs only when visuomotor distortions have identical effects in both eye- and joint-based coordinates bilaterally. This suggests that new visuomotor maps are encoded in neural circuits associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic movement representations and are available to both limbs.
Age-related differences in interhemispheric visuomotor integration have been observed, with older individuals showing significantly larger redundant target effects (RTEs) than younger individuals. This suggests that older adults may rely more on bihemispheric processing for visuomotor tasks, possibly due to decreased microstructural integrity of the corpus callosum.
Visuomotor learning can generalize from one limb to the other when the perturbation is congruent in extrinsic coordinates. This indicates that the brain represents probability distributions and performs Bayesian integration during sensorimotor learning, with the learned visuomotor shifts being available to the untrained limb.
Certain genes, such as TBR1, SCN1A, MAGEL2, and CACNB4, are prominently associated with visuomotor integrators in the human cortex. Altered expression of these genes may underlie brain network dysfunctions, leading to behavioral deficits in conditions like autism spectrum disorder and other neurogenetic syndromes.
Visuomotor synergy involves complex interactions between multiple brain regions and both hemispheres. The integration of visual and motor information is supported by a distributed cortical network, with significant contributions from both intrinsic and extrinsic movement representations. Age-related changes and genetic factors also play crucial roles in visuomotor integration. Understanding these mechanisms can provide insights into motor control, learning, and potential interventions for related disorders.
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