Vitamin b deficiency skin manifestations
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Common Skin Manifestations of Vitamin B Deficiency
Vitamin B deficiencies can cause a range of skin and mucosal changes. The most frequently reported skin manifestations include hyperpigmentation, hair and nail changes, angular cheilitis (cracks at the corners of the mouth), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), and dermatitis. These symptoms are seen with deficiencies in several B vitamins, including B12 (cobalamin), B6 (pyridoxine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), biotin, and folic acid 12567810.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency and Skin Changes
Vitamin B12 deficiency is particularly associated with skin hyperpigmentation, especially on the hands and face, as well as hair changes, angular cheilitis, atrophic glossitis, and sometimes vitiligo. Studies have shown that as vitamin B12 levels decrease, the frequency of these mucocutaneous manifestations increases 468910. The hyperpigmentation is thought to be due to disturbances in melanocyte function and increased melanin production, which can be reversed with vitamin B12 supplementation 49. Other reported changes include nail abnormalities and cracks in the skin 610.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency and Dermatitis
Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause seborrhea-like dermatitis, cheilosis (cracking at the corners of the mouth), glossitis, conjunctivitis, and pellagra-like dermatitis. These skin lesions can be relieved by pyridoxine supplementation, either orally or topically 257. The dermatitis is often dry and scaly, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as lethargy and anorexia .
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Niacin (Vitamin B3) Deficiency Manifestations
Deficiency in riboflavin (B2) can lead to angular stomatitis, cheilosis, and conjunctivitis, with lesions often appearing at the corners of the mouth and eyes 237. Niacin (B3) deficiency is classically associated with pellagra, which presents as a photosensitive dermatitis, often with thickened, hyperpigmented skin in sun-exposed areas 27.
Biotin and Folic Acid Deficiency Effects
Biotin deficiency can cause dermatitis and mucosal changes, while folic acid deficiency has been linked to skin and mucosal alterations, and may play a role in conditions like psoriasis 127.
Allergic and Adverse Reactions to Vitamin B Supplementation
Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to vitamin B12 injections, including acne, rosacea, and dermatitis, especially in those with cobalt sensitivity 18.
Clinical Importance and Assessment
Because vitamin B deficiencies can present with a variety of skin, hair, and nail changes, clinicians are encouraged to assess for these deficiencies in patients with unexplained dermatological symptoms. Early recognition and supplementation can lead to significant improvement and even reversal of skin manifestations 167910.
Conclusion
Vitamin B deficiencies commonly manifest as skin, hair, and mucosal changes, with hyperpigmentation, dermatitis, and oral lesions being the most notable. These symptoms can often be reversed with appropriate vitamin supplementation, highlighting the importance of considering vitamin B status in patients with unexplained cutaneous findings.
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