Is Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) safe?
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Safety of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Introduction to Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an essential nutrient that plays a critical role in cellular respiration and energy production. It is commonly found in foods such as eggs, green vegetables, milk, and meat, and is also available as a dietary supplement. Riboflavin is used to prevent and treat riboflavin deficiency and has been noted for its potential in migraine prophylaxis.
Safety in Animal Feed
Riboflavin Produced by Bacillus subtilis
Several studies have evaluated the safety of riboflavin produced by genetically modified strains of Bacillus subtilis for use in animal feed. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has consistently found that riboflavin produced by B. subtilis strains, such as KCCM 10445 and CGMCC 13326, is safe for target animal species, consumers, and the environment . These studies confirm that the production strains and their recombinant DNA are not detected in the final products, eliminating concerns related to genetic modification .
However, some gaps in data remain, particularly regarding the potential for skin sensitization and inhalation toxicity. For instance, while vitamin B2 80% is not hazardous by inhalation, no conclusions could be reached for vitamin B2 98% due to insufficient data . Additionally, riboflavin is a known photosensitizer, which may cause skin and eye photoallergic reactions .
Riboflavin Produced by Other Microorganisms
Riboflavin produced by other microorganisms, such as Ashbya gossypii and Eremothecium ashbyi, has also been assessed. The EFSA found that riboflavin produced by A. gossypii DSM 23096 is safe for target animals, consumers, and the environment, although the potential for skin and eye irritation and inhalation toxicity could not be fully assessed. Similarly, riboflavin produced by E. ashbyi CCTCCM 2019833 is considered safe for the environment but may pose a risk as a respiratory sensitizer.
Safety in Human Use
Migraine Prophylaxis
Riboflavin has been studied for its efficacy in preventing migraines. A review of existing evidence indicates that riboflavin supplementation can reduce the frequency and duration of migraine attacks in adults without serious side effects. This suggests that riboflavin is a safe and well-tolerated option for migraine prophylaxis in adults, although more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in children.
General Safety
Riboflavin is generally well-tolerated when used as a dietary supplement. It is considered safe during pregnancy and is included in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Normal doses of riboflavin do not pose significant health risks, making it a safe option for preventing and treating riboflavin deficiency.
Conclusion
Overall, riboflavin (vitamin B2) is considered safe for both animal and human use. In animal feed, riboflavin produced by genetically modified strains of Bacillus subtilis and other microorganisms does not pose significant safety concerns for target species, consumers, or the environment, although some data gaps remain. For human use, riboflavin is well-tolerated and effective in preventing migraines, with no serious side effects reported. Further research is needed to address the remaining uncertainties, particularly regarding skin sensitization and inhalation toxicity.
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