Water resistant paper
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Advances in Water-Resistant Paper Technologies
Historical Water-Resistant Adhesives in Paper Conservation
From 1870 to 1920, various water-resistant adhesives were employed in paper conservation, primarily using animal glue and linseed oil as binders. Other non-water-soluble binders included plant resins, shellac, gutta-percha, and casein. Mixtures of starch or flour paste with animal glue were also common. Chemical hardeners such as tannic acid, formaldehyde, and alum were used, along with substances containing multivalent metals like copper, lead, calcium, and aluminum, which may have contributed to the hardening effect.
Eco-Friendly Water-Resistant Coatings Using Palm Kernel Oil
Recent studies have explored the use of palm kernel oil (PKO) for creating eco-friendly, water-resistant paper coatings. By employing a dip-casting approach, PKO mixed with a solvent and furfuryl alcohol (FA) significantly improved the water resistance of paper. The coated paper exhibited a water contact angle of approximately 120° and reduced the water vapor transmission rate by 22%, making it a viable alternative to petroleum-based coatings.
Protonation Process for Enhanced Water Resistance in Transparent Paper
A scalable method involving the impregnation of wood fibers with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) has been developed to produce highly transparent and hazy (TH) paper. However, the poor water resistance of this paper was addressed through a protonation process, which reduced electrostatic repulsion among CMC molecular chains and strengthened physical cross-linking. This process enhanced the water resistance of the paper without significantly affecting its optical and mechanical properties.
Superhydrophobic Paper from Fluorinated Cellulose Nanofibers
The development of superhydrophobic paper using fluorinated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) has shown promising results. This method avoids organic solvents, reducing costs and environmental impact. The resulting paper exhibited a water contact angle of 160°, indicating excellent water resistance. Additionally, the paper demonstrated durability against mechanical damage and microbial resistance, making it suitable for applications in waterproof electronics, currency, and books.
Water-Proof Paper for Oil/Water Separation
A novel approach using a self-crosslinkable polyelectrolyte, poly[1-cyanomethyl-3-vinylimidazolium] (PCMVIm), has been employed to create water-proof paper with tunable surface properties. The paper, treated with mild ammonia vapor, exhibited significantly improved wet strength and acid resistance. This method also allowed for the easy tuning of hydrophilicity and oleophilicity, making the paper highly effective in separating water/oil emulsions.
Chitosan-Calcium Carbonate Coatings for Water and Fungal Resistance
Chitosan-based coatings, combined with modified calcium carbonate particles, have been used to enhance the water and fungal resistance of paper. The addition of calcium carbonate particles increased the surface hydrophobicity and improved the wetting time and liquid water resistance. This coating also exhibited antifungal activity, making it suitable for protecting paper materials from fungal contamination.
Multifunctional Cellulose Nanopaper with Chitosan and Polypyrrole
Functionalizing cellulose nanopaper (CNP) with chitosan (CS) and polypyrrole (PPy) has resulted in a material with superior water resistance, electrical conductivity, and antibacterial properties. The wet tensile strength of the modified CNP was significantly higher than that of pure CNP, and it also demonstrated high conductivity and effective antibacterial activity against common bacteria.
Poly(lactide) Coatings for Improved Water Resistance
Poly(lactide) (PLA) coatings have been shown to enhance the water resistance of paperboard used in corrugated box liners. The PLA coating smoothed the paperboard surface and increased its hydrophobicity, as evidenced by a higher contact angle. This coating method significantly reduced water vapor permeability and water absorptiveness, making it an effective solution for improving the water resistance of paperboard.
Chitosan-Beeswax Bilayer Coatings for Enhanced Barrier Properties
Bilayer coatings combining chitosan and beeswax have been developed to improve the water vapor barrier and grease resistance of paper. The chitosan-beeswax combination showed the best performance, with a significant reduction in water vapor transport rate and enhanced grease resistance. The close integration of the chitosan and beeswax layers contributed to the improved barrier properties.
Hydrophobic Modification of Recycled Newspaper Laminates
Recycled newspaper (NP) laminates, modified with stearic acid (SA), have demonstrated enhanced water resistance and tensile properties. The hydrophobic modification increased the water resistance of the NP laminas and the NP/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite. This method also reduced the loss of tensile strength in wet conditions, making it suitable for outdoor applications.
Conclusion
The development of water-resistant paper technologies has seen significant advancements, from historical adhesives to modern eco-friendly coatings and multifunctional materials. These innovations not only improve the durability and functionality of paper products but also offer sustainable alternatives to traditional petroleum-based coatings. The ongoing research in this field continues to expand the potential applications of water-resistant paper in various industries.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Water-resistant adhesives for paper, 1870–1920
A facile approach for eco-friendly, low-cost and water-resistant paper coatings via palm kernel oil.
Protonation Process to Enhance the Water Resistance of Transparent and Hazy Paper
Organic Solvent-Free Fabrication of Durable and Multifunctional Superhydrophobic Paper from Waterborne Fluorinated Cellulose Nanofiber Building Blocks.
Facile preparation of water-proof paper with tunable surface properties for water/oil separation
Functional Chitosan–Calcium Carbonate Coatings for Enhancing Water and Fungal Resistance of Paper Materials
Multifunctional Cellulose Nanopaper with Superior Water-Resistant, Conductive, and Antibacterial Properties Functionalized with Chitosan and Polypyrrole.
Increase in water resistance of paperboard by coating with poly(lactide)
Enhanced water vapour barrier and grease resistance of paper bilayer-coated with chitosan and beeswax.
Enhanced Water Resistance of Recycled Newspaper/High Density Polyethylene Composite Laminates via Hydrophobic Modification of Newspaper Laminas
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