High intensity interventions for reducing loneliness in young people are unlikely to be feasible at a population level, and interventions in general populations are more acceptable.

Interventions to address loneliness and social isolation in young people: A systematic review of the evidence on acceptability and effectiveness.

Effective interventions for reducing social isolation and loneliness in older adults include adaptability, community development, and productive engagement, but the overall evidence quality is weak.

Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review

Loneliness and social isolation interventions for older adults need to be tailored to individual needs, as there is no one-size-fits-all approach to addressing these issues.

Loneliness and social isolation interventions for older adults: a scoping review of reviews

Effective interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness during COVID-19 include cognitive or educational components, or facilitated communication between peers, but may require minor modifications to align with shielding/social distancing measures.

Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness during COVID-19 physical distancing measures: A rapid systematic review

Psychological interventions effectively reduce loneliness across the lifespan, with CBT being the most common type, but future research should explore individual differences and personalize treatment.

The effectiveness of psychological interventions for loneliness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Loneliness reduction interventions, particularly those addressing maladaptive social cognition, show the most success in reducing loneliness.

A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness

Mindfulness training, specifically focusing on acceptance, effectively reduces loneliness and increases social contact in daily life.

Mindfulness training reduces loneliness and increases social contact in a randomized controlled trial

Loneliness is linked to increased risk of depression, dementia, heart disease, stroke, and higher inflammatory responses, and interventions targeting loneliness show promise for mental health and economic benefits.

Loneliness: contemporary insights into causes, correlates, and consequences

Loneliness interventions, particularly those involving technology and support groups, significantly reduced loneliness in non-elderly adults.

A Systematic Review of Loneliness Interventions Among Non-elderly Adults

Social isolation and loneliness significantly impact health and quality of life, with risk factors including living alone, rural communities, and lower income.

Isolation and Loneliness.

Stress plays a co-causal or prodromic role in loneliness, and early medical and psychological stress treatment should be combined for incipient and clinical loneliness.

Stress and perceived social isolation (loneliness).

Reframing time alone as solitude may boost resilience to the decrements in positive mood associated with time alone.

Reframing Time Spent Alone: Reappraisal Buffers the Emotional Effects of Isolation

Transparency in recruitment methods for older adults at risk of loneliness and social isolation is crucial for effective interventions and sharing of best practices.

Methods of identifying and recruiting older people at risk of social isolation and loneliness: a mixed methods review

Wisdom-enhancing interventions may help reduce loneliness in older adults by promoting positive personal qualities and coping strategies.

Qualitative study of loneliness in a senior housing community: the importance of wisdom and other coping strategies

Loneliness negatively impacts physical and mental health, and interventions should consider its social and behavioral effects to effectively reduce its consequences.

Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms

Reframing solitude as a beneficial experience can enhance the emotional benefits for lonely individuals, leading to more positive emotions and less negative emotions during solitude.

Solitude can be good-If you see it as such: Reappraisal helps lonely people experience solitude more positively.

Social isolation and loneliness are consistently linked to worse cardiovascular and mental health outcomes, with less clear evidence on their role in other conditions and socio-economic consequences.

An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness.

African American adults, those with higher socioeconomic status, those who do not live alone, and those living closer to the city center are less likely to experience social isolation and loneliness in later life.

Social isolation and loneliness in later life: A parallel convergent mixed-methods case study of older adults and their residential contexts in the Minneapolis metropolitan area, USA.

Loneliness during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders was elevated, strongly associated with increased depression and suicidal ideation, and should be considered during social isolation efforts.

Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19

Loneliness and social isolation are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, with increased peripheral vascular resistance and elevated blood pressure in lonely individuals.

Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Cardiovascular Health

What are effective ways to combat loneliness and isolation?

These studies suggest that effective ways to combat loneliness and isolation include psychological interventions like CBT, mindfulness training, community development, and technology-based support groups, tailored to individual needs and adaptable to specific circumstances.