Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of emerging infectious diseases, with warm El Nio Southern Oscillations linked to higher risks of diseases like Rift Valley fever, cholera, and malaria.

Climate change and infectious diseases

Global warming will cause changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, with potential consequences for human migration, crop failures, and disease transmission through water scarcity and political stresses.

Global warming and infectious disease.

Global warming indirectly affects infectious diseases, with water- and foodborne diseases and vector-borne diseases being most affected, and adaptation measures are crucial for human health.

The Effect of Global Warming on Infectious Diseases

Climate change alters disease risks, with fungal disease risk increasing in warm climates and bacterial disease prevalence increasing in cool climates, with warming benefiting helminths more than other parasites.

Climate change alters disease risks

Global warming may increase the spread of dengue and yellow fever viruses, potentially leading to epidemics in North America, while other diseases may become less prominent due to habitat modification.

Global climate change and infectious diseases.

Climate change may lead to a "two-tailed" response, with some infectious diseases adapting and increasing prevalence, while others may suffer negative consequences leading to range contractions and local extinctions.

Epidemics on the move: Climate change and infectious disease

Climate change may influence the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, but the extent of its influence remains uncertain.

Climate change may not drive widespread infectious disease expansion, but it may affect disease transmission through host susceptibility, infective stage production, longevity, and pathology.

The rise and fall of infectious disease in a warmer world

Global change, including climate change and anthropogenic activities, significantly impacts the outbreak and transmission of human infectious diseases.

Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases

Global warming contributes to the variability of viral diseases, but its impact on emergence and re-emergence is influenced more by factors such as ocean/atmosphere circulations and global change.

Impact of global warming on viral diseases: what is the evidence?

Climate change is likely to impact the transmission of infectious diseases, requiring increased resources for surveillance and public health activities.

Climate Change and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in the United States.

Climate change may increase disease risk for wildlife in cooler climates, while warming may benefit helminths more than other parasites, with less clear relationships to viral infections.

Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates


               Abstract
               
                  Background
                  Anthropogenic climate change affects the burden of infectious diseases via several interconnected mechanisms. In recent years, there has been greater awareness of the ways in which climate-sensitive infectious diseases pose a growing threat to global public health.
               
               
                  Objective
                  To categorize and describe the effects of climate change on infectious diseases with skin manifestations.
               
               
                  Methods
                  A scoping review of the MEDLINE and PubMed online databases for climate-sensitive infections was performed in February and March 2020. A representative selection of conditions with skin manifestations was included in this review.
               
               
                  Results
                  Several representative climate-sensitive infectious diseases were identified in each the following categories: (1) vector-borne infectious diseases, (2) infectious diseases associated with extreme weather events, and (3) infectious diseases linked to human migration.
               
               
                  Conclusions
                  Climate variables directly influence the survival and reproduction of infectious microorganisms, their vectors, and their animal reservoirs. Due to sustained warmer temperatures at higher latitudes, climate change has expanded the geographic range of certain pathogenic microbes. More frequent climate change-related extreme weather events create circumstances where existing infectious microorganisms flourish and novel infections emerge. Climate instability is linked to increased human migration, which disrupts healthcare infrastructure as well as the habitats of microbes, vectors, and animal reservoirs, and also leads to widespread poverty and overcrowding. Dermatologists should understand that climate change will affect the burden and geographic distribution of infectious diseases, many of which have cutaneous signs and might be encountered in their regular practice.
               
            

The effects of climate change on infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations

Climate change may affect infectious diseases, but its impact is complex and nonlinear, with range shifts and other factors potentially overshadowing its effects.

The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases.

Climate change may increase human infectious diseases, but proactive measures and better understanding of disease-specific effects can help control these health impacts.

Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation.

Warming climate significantly alters immune defense and disease progression in cold-blooded vertebrates, but incorporating both thermal effects and immunocompetence measures can improve infectious disease risk projections.

Half the story: Thermal effects on within‐host infectious disease progression in a warming climate

Global warming increases the severity of viral diseases in aquaculture, potentially compromising global food security.

Impact of Global Warming on the Severity of Viral Diseases: A Potentially Alarming Threat to Sustainable Aquaculture Worldwide

Climate change may lead to the emergence of new, previously unknown infectious diseases as microbes adapt to higher global temperatures, potentially defeating our endothermy thermal barrier.

Climate change brings the specter of new infectious diseases.

Rising temperatures lead to soil degradation, ecosystem degradation, and increased human health risks, particularly through increased infectious diseases and increased vector-borne diseases.

Global Warming and Its Health Impact

Climate warming can increase pathogen development, survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility, potentially causing rapid population declines or species extinctions in terrestrial and marine biota.

Climate Warming and Disease Risks for Terrestrial and Marine Biota

What are the effects of global warming on infectious disease patterns?

Some studies suggest global warming increases the frequency and severity of infectious diseases, particularly vector-borne and waterborne diseases, while other studies indicate it may lead to both increases and decreases in disease prevalence depending on the specific disease and environmental factors.