What are the effects of long-term dietary supplement use on health and nutrient absorption?
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Effects of Long-Term Dietary Supplement Use on Health and Nutrient Absorption
Introduction to Dietary Supplement Use
Dietary supplements are widely used across various demographics, with a significant portion of the population incorporating them into their daily routines. This article explores the effects of long-term dietary supplement use on health and nutrient absorption, drawing insights from multiple research studies.
Health Benefits of Long-Term Supplement Use
Improved Nutritional Status and Biomarkers
Long-term use of multiple dietary supplements has been associated with improved nutritional status and favorable health biomarkers. A study on long-term users of multiple dietary supplements found that these individuals had optimal concentrations of chronic disease-related biomarkers, such as serum homocysteine, C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. They also exhibited lower risks of elevated blood pressure and diabetes compared to non-users and single supplement users.
Enhanced Calcium Absorption and Bone Health
In adolescents, long-term supplementation with inulin-type fructans significantly increased calcium absorption and enhanced bone mineralization. This effect was observed both at 8 weeks and after one year of supplementation, indicating sustained benefits for bone health during critical growth periods.
Nutritional Adequacy in Children
A study on Filipino preschool children demonstrated that long-term use of oral nutritional supplements improved nutrient adequacy, dietary diversity, and growth. The intervention did not interfere with normal food intake and helped ensure that children met their nutritional requirements, promoting better overall health and growth outcomes.
Benefits for the Elderly
Among older adults, long-term use of dietary supplements has been linked to potential reductions in the risk of age-related diseases. Higher plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids, for instance, were associated with fewer cardiovascular deaths. Additionally, dietary protein supplementation combined with exercise helped prevent muscle mass attenuation and leg strength loss.
Risks and Controversies
Potential Adverse Effects
Despite the benefits, there are potential risks associated with long-term dietary supplement use, particularly at high doses. Some studies have reported adverse outcomes, such as increased risk of lung cancer among smokers taking high doses of beta-carotene and increased risk of prostate cancer with high doses of vitamin E. Additionally, high doses of supplemental calcium were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in men, highlighting the importance of dose and nutrient source.
Lack of Effect on Cardiovascular Disease
A randomized clinical trial investigating the effect of long-term multivitamin use on cardiovascular disease (CVD) found no significant impact on major CVD events. The study suggested that baseline nutritional status did not modify the effect of multivitamin use on CVD outcomes, indicating that multivitamins may not provide cardiovascular benefits.
Safety Concerns
The safety of long-term vitamin consumption remains a concern. High doses of certain vitamins, such as vitamins A, E, D, and folic acid, have been associated with adverse health effects. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid high-dose supplements unless specifically advised by healthcare professionals.
Conclusion
Long-term dietary supplement use can offer significant health benefits, including improved nutritional status, enhanced calcium absorption, and reduced risk of certain age-related diseases. However, it is crucial to consider the potential risks, particularly at high doses. Individuals should consult healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective use of dietary supplements tailored to their specific health needs.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Usage patterns, health, and nutritional status of long-term multiple dietary supplement users: a cross-sectional study
Association Among Dietary Supplement Use, Nutrient Intake, and Mortality Among U.S. Adults
Effect of Baseline Nutritional Status on Long-term Multivitamin Use and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Secondary Analysis of the Physicians’ Health Study II Randomized Clinical Trial
A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents.
Infant formula containing galacto-and fructo-oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V supports adequate growth and tolerance in healthy infants in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, prospective, multicentre study
Dietary supplement intake among the elderly: hazards and benefits
Hospital nutrition in geriatric long-term care medicine: II. Effects of dietary supplements.
Dietary supplement use among elderly, long-term cancer survivors
Vitamins, Are They Safe?
Dietary supplement use by US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000.
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