Global travel and international trade pose new public health challenges, requiring careful planning and preparedness for mass gatherings like the Olympics.

The new health threats of exotic and global travel.

Tourism contributes to community and national development, but responsible tourism requires collaboration between the tourism-travel industry and community, national, and global leaders to address health risks and promote sustainable development.

The Health-Development Link: Travel as a Public Health Issue

International travel and migration pose public health risks, with higher risks in mass gatherings, travel to friends and relatives, and sexual encounters abroad.

Travel and public health

Travellers' diarrhoea, malaria, and sexually transmitted diseases are common health risks in various regions, with prevention relying on endemicity, duration of stay, and individual behavior.

Travel epidemiology--a global perspective.

Aeroplane technology has stimulated the development of international sanitary initiatives to safeguard global public health in an era of mass aeromobility.

Of plagues, planes and politics: Controlling the global spread of infectious diseases by air

Air travel contributes to the global spread of infectious diseases, highlighting the need for improved surveillance, early-warning systems, and public health responses to prevent and respond to epidemics.

Human Mobility and the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Focus on Air Travel

Climate change is increasing migration and travel, posing potential health risks for migrants and travelers, necessitating public health preparedness for potential population health consequences.

Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry

Exposure to higher levels of PM2.5 pollution when traveling abroad is associated with decreased lung function in nonsmoking, healthy young adults.

Exposure to Greater Air Pollution when Traveling Abroad Is Associated with Decreased Lung Function.

Medical travel across borders has significant implications for global health systems, requiring more scientific research to harness benefits and limit risks.

The movement of patients across borders: challenges and opportunities for public health.

Negative affect from COVID-19 leads to increased perceived health risk, mental wellbeing, and perceived uncertainty, influencing tourists' attitudes and short-term avoidance of global destinations affected by the pandemic.

Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic

Children represent up to 10% of international travelers, and tailored guidance for children's health is crucial in public health policy, guidelines, and pandemic responses.

Global mobility, travel and migration health: clinical and public health implications for children and families

COVID-19 has significantly impacted global mobility, trade, travel, and healthcare systems, with certain countries being more vulnerable than others.

The impact of COVID-19 on globalization

Eradicating Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, and Ebola in affected countries could increase 10 million tourist arrivals and 12 billion dollars in tourism expenditures.

Infectious disease risk and international tourism demand

Frequent business trips have a range of physical, psychological, and social health impacts, with perceptions varying among travelers and personal situations, and health impairments often accumulating in later life stages.

Mobility and health: The perceived impact of frequent business trips on travelers’ health

COVID-19 may alter Chinese tourists' consumption patterns, leading to increased popularity of slow and smart tourism, and requiring businesses to reconsider service designs and distribution channels.

COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel

Transport policies, including physical activity, can significantly impact health, and health professionals play a key role in ensuring gains are achieved.

A different route to health: implications of transport policies

Promoting active travel through policies can lead to large individual health benefits and reduced air and noise pollution, but well-designed policies must consider potential risk tradeoffs and indirect benefits.

Improving health through policies that promote active travel: a review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment.

Inequalities in travel access, particularly access to a car, impact health, with lower income groups experiencing greater health risks due to higher casualty rates and atmospheric emissions.

The health implications of inequalities in travel

Climate change is negatively impacting human health, leading to extreme weather conditions, poor air quality, and increased vector-borne diseases, particularly in vulnerable populations.

The Multifaceted Consequences of Climate Change on Human Health

Climate change has significant direct and indirect health impacts on global health, with potential long-term consequences including famine, population dislocation, and environmental justice.

Climate change and global health: A call to more research and more action

What are the health implications of global travel?

Some studies suggest that global travel poses public health risks such as infectious diseases, pollution exposure, and mental health impacts, while other studies highlight the benefits of tourism for community and national development, requiring responsible and collaborative approaches to mitigate health risks.