What are the policies and regulations governing environmental protection?
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Policies and Regulations Governing Environmental Protection
National Environmental Policies and Regulatory Bodies
Nigeria's Environmental Policies and Institutions
In Nigeria, environmental protection policies were formally established in 1991, addressing various environmental challenges such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and desertification. Key policies include the National Environmental Policy, National Policy on Climate Change, and the Environmental Impact Assessment Act. Regulatory bodies such as the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency and the Federal Ministry of Environment play crucial roles in enforcing these policies. Strengthening these policies and increasing funding for environmental protection are recommended to meet contemporary challenges.
China's Environmental Protection Law and Its Impact
China's new Environmental Protection Law, implemented as a quasi-natural experiment, has significantly influenced corporate environmental governance. This law has enhanced firms' motivation to engage in environmental governance, with central environmental protection inspectors playing a mediating role. The law's impact is more pronounced in large-scale and non-state enterprises. Additionally, the law has promoted regional green technology innovation, with significant effects observed in regions with varying levels of economic development and energy consumption.
Evolution of Environmental Regulation and Governance
Shifting Architectures in Environmental Law
Environmental law and policy have evolved significantly since the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and the first European environmental policy in 1972. Modern environmental governance now includes a broader range of tools beyond traditional regulation, such as market trading of emissions permits and third-party certification of environmental performance. This shift reflects a move towards more flexible and voluntary approaches to environmental protection.
Policy Mix and Green Effects
The combination of different environmental policies, such as environmental protection taxes and low-carbon city initiatives, has shown significant green effects. These policies have effectively reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in regions with higher standards for levying environmental protection taxes. The synergy between these policies enhances their overall effectiveness in promoting sustainable development.
Challenges and Strategies in Environmental Regulation
Interplay of Environmental Regulation and Local Protectionism
In China, the interaction between environmental regulation (ER) and local protectionism (LP) presents unique challenges. High-intensity ER areas are expanding, while LP patterns are shifting. There is a negative correlation between ER and LP, with LP inhibiting ER intensity and vice versa. Addressing local protectionism and formulating region-specific regulatory measures are essential for balancing economic growth and environmental protection.
Corporate Self-Regulation and Environmental Performance
In both Europe and the United States, there is growing advocacy for increased self-regulation by businesses for environmental protection. Proposals include sectoral pollution-reduction covenants and market trading of emissions permits. These voluntary approaches allow industries to determine how to meet environmental standards within a government-set framework, promoting flexibility and innovation in achieving environmental goals.
Conclusion
Environmental protection policies and regulations are critical for sustainable development. National policies and regulatory bodies play essential roles in enforcing environmental standards, while evolving governance strategies and policy mixes enhance their effectiveness. Addressing challenges such as local protectionism and promoting corporate self-regulation are vital for achieving long-term environmental sustainability.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS IN MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA: POLICY AND GOVERNANCE REVIEW
The Effect of Environmental Regulation on Corporate Environmental Governance Behavior and Its Mechanisms
Research on the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Green Technology Innovation from the Perspective of Regional Differences: A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on China’s New Environmental Protection Law
Interplay of Environmental Regulation and Local Protectionism in China
Environment Law, Regulation and Governance: Shifting Architectures
Research on the Green Effect of Environmental Policies—From the Perspective of Policy Mix
Environmental regulation and business 'self-regulation'
Research on environmental regulation, environmental protection tax, and earnings management
Environmental Regulation in Evolution and Governance Strategies
Government’s awareness of Environmental protection and corporate green innovation: A natural experiment from the new environmental protection law in China
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