Solar electrolysis through pipelines is the least ecologically intensive pathway for hydrogen production and transportation, with a CO2eq of 50.29 g per MJ of hydrogen consumed in a fuel cell pickup truck.

Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Transportation Pathways via Pipelines and Truck Trailers: Implications as a Low Carbon Fuel

Hydrogen is a technically attractive decarbonization agent for heavy-duty vehicles, but significant investments are needed to ensure renewable hydrogen production and adequate refueling access during the day.

Fuel cell electric vehicles: An option to decarbonize heavy-duty transport? Results from a Swiss case-study

To fully benefit from hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles in the transport sector, stable, long-term policy framework conditions and regional harmonisation are crucial.

Prospects and impediments for hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles in the transport sector

Hydrogen and electricity can play a critical role in decarbonizing the transport sector, emerging as complementary fuels rather than strict competitors in the short and medium term.

Decarbonising road transport with hydrogen and electricity: Long term global technology learning scenarios

Hydrogen-fuel cell hybrid powertrains show potential for sustainable transportation applications, offering efficiency, mileage, and energy consumption improvements in existing prototypes and commercial vehicles.

Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Hybrid Powertrain: Conceptual Layouts and Current Applications

Wind-based hydrogen production shows potential for use in regional rail transport, offering a zero-tailpipe technology alternative to diesel trains and reducing carbon emissions by 2198 tons annually in Brandenburg.

Sector coupling potential of wind-based hydrogen production and fuel cell train operation in regional rail transport in Berlin and Brandenburg

Renewable hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in California can achieve a life cycle carbon footprint comparable to battery electric vehicles and half that of compact internal combustion vehicles, contributing to California's decarbonization goals.

Life cycle assessment of renewable hydrogen for fuel cell passenger vehicles in California

Direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFC) offer the lowest source-to-tank energy cost for carbon-neutral transportation, making them a promising alternative fuel source.

An Efficient Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell for Affordable Carbon-Neutral Transportation

Hydrogen-fuel cell hybrid power trains for road cars show potential for efficient, low-carbon transportation, with potential applications in cars, lorries, trains, and ships.

Modeling and Simulation of the Power Train for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen technologies and fuel cells offer a promising low-carbon solution for transport, energy storage, and industrial processes, with countries like Japan, South Korea, and China advancing their deployment.

Decarbonising energy: The developing international activity in hydrogen technologies and fuel cells

Formic acid shows promise as a hydrogen energy carrier with high storage capacity, low toxicity, and flammability, offering potential for large-scale, low-carbon electricity generation and transportation decarbonization.

Formic Acid to Power towards Low‐Carbon Economy

Hydrogen could become a viable option for decarbonising energy systems in Europe by 2030, with a long-term CO2 cap needed to sustain the transition.

How far away is hydrogen? Its role in the medium and long-term decarbonisation of the European energy system

Hydrogen has the potential to supply 2% of global energy needs by 2050, with transport and fuel cell vehicles being the preferred end use, supporting carbon target achievement through renewable energy and carbon capture and storage.

Societal penetration of hydrogen into the future energy system: Impacts of policy, technology and carbon targets

Hydrogen has significant potential for adoption in energy systems, potentially accounting for 3% of global energy consumption by 2050, offering decarbonization in transport, industry, and space heating, but reducing nuclear power's cost may be a challenge.

A review of four case studies assessing the potential for hydrogen penetration of the future energy system

Hydrogen offers a potential solution for industrial decarbonization, but logistical challenges and cost remain, and new production methods are needed for low-carbon or zero-carbon hydrogen production.

Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options

Green hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol production and utilization in marine engines offer a promising carbon-free decarbonization pathway for the shipping industry, but require improved technology and capacity expansion for cost-effectiveness.

A Prompt Decarbonization Pathway for Shipping: Green Hydrogen, Ammonia, and Methanol Production and Utilization in Marine Engines

Liquid hydrogen can enable cost-competitive decarbonization of regional aviation in Europe, with minimal payload reduction needed if fuel cell systems achieve 2kW/kg specific power and tank gravimetric index of 50%.

Decarbonization of aviation via hydrogen propulsion: technology performance targets and energy system impacts

Alternative fuels can achieve 100% carbon reduction in shipping, but may require compromises in voyage distance or refueling.

Estimates of the Decarbonization Potential of Alternative Fuels for Shipping as a Function of Vessel Type, Cargo, and Voyage

Liquid hydrogen offers potential for future energy systems, but requires improved liquefaction, storage, and transportation technologies, as well as updated safety standards for large-scale use.

Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety

Hydrogen production from decarbonized fossil fuels can meet fuel cell purity requirements, with carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia impurities being the most detrimental, but inert gases are the most limiting factor in separation.

Hydrogen quality from decarbonized fossil fuels to fuel cells

What is the potential of hydrogen fuel cells in decarbonizing transportation?

These studies suggest that hydrogen fuel cells have significant potential in decarbonizing transportation, particularly for heavy-duty vehicles, regional rail, and hybrid powertrains, but require renewable hydrogen production, infrastructure investments, and supportive policies.