What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

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Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. This condition leads to various symptoms and complications affecting multiple organs and systems in the body .

Common Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Polyuria and Polydipsia

One of the hallmark symptoms of diabetes mellitus is polyuria, which is frequent urination. This occurs because the kidneys attempt to excrete excess glucose from the blood, leading to increased urine production. Consequently, this leads to polydipsia, or excessive thirst, as the body tries to compensate for the fluid loss .

Weight Loss and Polyphagia

Unintentional weight loss is another common symptom, often accompanied by polyphagia, or increased hunger. Despite eating more, individuals with diabetes may lose weight because their bodies cannot effectively use glucose for energy, leading to the breakdown of fat and muscle for fuel .

Blurred Vision

Blurred vision is a frequent complaint among individuals with diabetes. High blood sugar levels can cause the lens of the eye to swell, leading to temporary changes in vision .

Acute Complications

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

In type 1 diabetes, a severe lack of insulin can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition characterized by high blood sugar, ketone production, and acidosis. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and confusion.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

In type 2 diabetes, a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) can occur, marked by extremely high blood sugar levels without significant ketone production. This condition can lead to severe dehydration, altered consciousness, and even coma .

Long-term Complications

Retinopathy

Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic retinopathy, a condition that damages the blood vessels in the retina, potentially causing vision loss .

Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy, or kidney damage, is another long-term complication. It can progress to renal failure if not managed properly .

Neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy, which affects the nerves in the extremities, can cause pain, tingling, and loss of sensation. Autonomic neuropathy can affect various bodily functions, leading to gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular symptoms, as well as sexual dysfunction .

Cardiovascular Disease

Individuals with diabetes have an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. Hypertension and abnormalities in lipid metabolism are also common in people with diabetes .

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are prevalent among individuals with diabetes and are often linked to poor glycemic control and diabetic complications, particularly peripheral neuropathy. Common GI symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.

Conclusion

Diabetes mellitus presents with a wide range of symptoms, from frequent urination and excessive thirst to severe complications like diabetic ketoacidosis and chronic conditions such as retinopathy and neuropathy. Effective management of blood sugar levels is crucial to mitigate these symptoms and prevent long-term damage. Understanding these symptoms can aid in early diagnosis and better management of diabetes.