What are the symptoms of heartburn?

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Symptoms of Heartburn: An Overview

Common Symptoms of Heartburn

Heartburn is a prevalent gastrointestinal symptom characterized by a painful or burning sensation in the upper abdomen or chest, which can sometimes radiate to the back. This discomfort is often caused by stomach acid refluxing into the esophagus, irritating its lining. Additionally, acid reflux may reach the throat or mouth, leaving a bitter or sour taste.

Psychological and Emotional Symptoms

Heartburn is not only a physical condition but also has significant psychological and emotional dimensions. Studies have shown that anxiety and depression are strongly associated with heartburn, impacting the quality of life and increasing the use of heartburn medication . Patients with chronic heartburn often report higher levels of psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, which can exacerbate their symptoms .

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Patients with heartburn frequently experience a range of gastrointestinal symptoms. These include pain with eating, bloating, acid regurgitation, and chest pain. These symptoms are more prevalent in individuals who report heartburn compared to those who do not.

Sleep Disturbances

Heartburn can significantly affect sleep quality. Individuals with heartburn often report difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep, experiencing arousals or nightmares, and other sleep disturbances such as hyperhidrosis during sleep. These sleep issues are more common in patients with heartburn, further complicating their overall health and well-being.

Functional Heartburn and Non-Erosive Reflux Disease (NERD)

Functional heartburn and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) are conditions where heartburn symptoms are present without visible esophageal damage. Functional heartburn is characterized by esophageal hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli, such as gas in the refluxate, rather than acid . NERD, on the other hand, involves symptoms arising from gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal hypersensitivity. Both conditions can present with similar symptoms, including heartburn, but require different diagnostic and treatment approaches .

Heartburn in Special Populations

Heartburn can also occur in specific conditions such as achalasia, a disorder where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax. In achalasia patients, heartburn can precede or follow the onset of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and is associated with lower basal lower esophageal sphincter pressures. Additionally, in pediatric patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), heartburn is correlated with increased gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep disturbances, and psychological distress.

Conclusion

Heartburn is a multifaceted symptom with a range of physical, psychological, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Understanding these symptoms and their interconnections is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of heartburn can lead to better management and improved quality of life for patients.