What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

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Symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome

Proteinuria and Hypoalbuminemia

One of the hallmark symptoms of nephrotic syndrome is proteinuria, which is the presence of excessive protein in the urine. This occurs because the kidneys fail to filter waste products properly, allowing protein to leak into the urine . Alongside proteinuria, patients often exhibit hypoalbuminemia, a condition characterized by low levels of albumin in the blood due to its loss in the urine .

Edema and Swelling

Edema, or swelling, is another prominent symptom of nephrotic syndrome. This swelling is typically noticeable in the legs, ankles, and around the eyes (periorbital edema) . The swelling results from the retention of salt and water in the body, which is a direct consequence of the low albumin levels that fail to maintain proper fluid balance .

Hyperlipidemia and Hypercholesterolemia

Patients with nephrotic syndrome often experience hyperlipidemia, which is an increase in blood lipid levels, including cholesterol. This condition arises because the liver produces more lipids in response to the low protein levels in the blood . Hypercholesterolemia, or high cholesterol levels, is a specific type of hyperlipidemia frequently observed in these patients .

Ascites and Weight Gain

Ascites, the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is another symptom associated with nephrotic syndrome. This can lead to noticeable weight gain due to the accumulation of excess fluid . Patients may also report feeling tired and experiencing less frequent urination .

Hematuria and Anemia

In some cases, patients may have hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine. This can lead to anemia, a condition characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells . Anemia occurs because the blood loss through urine depletes the body's red blood cell count.

Increased Risk of Infections

Individuals with nephrotic syndrome are at a higher risk of infections due to low white blood cell counts and a weakened immune system . This increased susceptibility to infections can lead to complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Hypercoagulability and Thromboembolism

Patients with nephrotic syndrome may also experience hypercoagulability, which is an increased tendency for blood to clot. This can result in thromboembolism, where blood clots form and potentially travel to other parts of the body, causing serious complications .

Conclusion

Nephrotic syndrome presents with a range of symptoms primarily due to the kidneys' inability to filter waste products effectively. Key symptoms include proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Additional symptoms such as ascites, weight gain, hematuria, anemia, increased infection risk, and hypercoagulability further complicate the condition. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to mitigate these symptoms and prevent severe complications.