What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
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Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, leading to a range of symptoms that can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.
Joint-Related Symptoms
Pain and Swelling
One of the hallmark symptoms of RA is joint pain and swelling. This pain is often symmetrical, affecting both sides of the body equally, and is most commonly found in the small joints of the hands, wrists, and feet . The affected joints are typically tender to the touch and may appear visibly swollen due to inflammation .
Stiffness
Morning stiffness is another characteristic symptom of RA. Patients often experience stiffness in and around the joints that lasts for at least an hour before improving . This stiffness can severely limit movement and is usually worse after periods of inactivity.
Limited Movement
Due to the pain, swelling, and stiffness, individuals with RA often have limited movement in the affected joints. This can lead to difficulties in performing daily activities and can significantly impair physical function .
Extra-Articular Symptoms
Fatigue and Malaise
Many patients with RA experience systemic symptoms such as fatigue and a general feeling of malaise. These symptoms can be debilitating and are often accompanied by low-grade fevers .
Fever
Low-grade fevers, which are temperatures above normal but below 100.4°F, are also common in RA patients. These fevers are a result of the systemic inflammation caused by the autoimmune response .
Weight Loss
Unintentional weight loss can occur in RA patients due to the chronic inflammation and the body's increased metabolic demands.
Other Symptoms
Rheumatoid Nodules
Rheumatoid nodules are firm lumps that develop under the skin, usually near the affected joints. These nodules are a common extra-articular manifestation of RA and can vary in size.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Issues
Patients with RA are at an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and respiratory issues, such as interstitial lung disease and pleural effusion. These complications arise due to the systemic nature of the inflammation .
Osteoporosis
RA can also lead to osteoporosis, a condition where bones become weak and brittle. This is due to both the inflammatory process and the use of certain medications like glucocorticoids.
Conclusion
Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease with a wide range of symptoms that affect both the joints and other parts of the body. Early recognition of these symptoms is essential for timely diagnosis and effective treatment, which can significantly improve the long-term prognosis for patients with RA.
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