What are the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia?

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Symptoms of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Characteristic Pain in Trigeminal Neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is primarily characterized by sudden, severe, and brief episodes of facial pain. This pain is typically described as intense, sharp, stabbing, or shooting, often likened to an electric shock . The pain occurs in paroxysms, lasting from a few seconds to several minutes, and can recur multiple times a day, ranging from a few attacks to hundreds per day . The pain is usually unilateral, affecting one side of the face, and is confined to the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve .

Triggers and Background Pain

The pain attacks in TN can be triggered by non-noxious stimuli such as talking, eating, washing the face, brushing teeth, shaving, or even a light touch or cool breeze . In addition to these acute pain episodes, some patients experience persistent background pain of lower intensity, which is present for about 50% of the time. This form of the disease is known as atypical trigeminal neuralgia or type 2 trigeminal neuralgia .

Impact on Daily Life and Psychological Health

The severe pain associated with TN can significantly impair daily activities and lead to psychological issues such as anxiety and depression. Many patients report considerable interference with their daily lives, with some experiencing disability as defined by the World Health Organization . The condition can also lead to social withdrawal and a decreased quality of life due to the unpredictability and intensity of the pain attacks .

Sensory and Autonomic Symptoms

While the neurological examination of TN patients is usually normal, some individuals may report sensory and autonomic symptoms. These can include subtle sensory loss in the affected area, especially in those with a long history of the disease . Autonomic symptoms, such as tearing or redness of the eye, may also be present in a subset of patients.

Conclusion

Trigeminal neuralgia is a debilitating condition characterized by severe, episodic facial pain triggered by everyday activities. The pain is typically unilateral and can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, leading to psychological distress and disability. Understanding the symptoms and triggers of TN is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management.