Drug-resistant typhoid fever is a significant public health issue in Pakistan, with a mortality rate of 5% in the country and a potential for onward transmission to others.

Extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever in Pakistan.

Typhoid fever is a global health issue with multidrug resistance, empiric treatment is fluoroquinolone, and prevention involves good sanitation and food handling practices.

Current trends in typhoid fever

Typhoid fever in children presents with nonspecific symptoms, and diagnosis is crucial for treatment and prevention of transmission.

Clinical Profile of Typhoid Fever in Children

Typhoid fever may present to emergency departments in the US, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for febrile patients from Latin America or those with a history of recent travel to endemic countries.

Emergency department presentations of typhoid fever.

Good sanitation, improved water supply, and sewage waste management, along with effective typhoid vaccinations, can help prevent typhoid fever.

Case Report of Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi)

A sudden increase in typhoid fever cases in Yucatan, Mexico, in 2017, led to 37 severe complications, including gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation, and encephalopathy, with three deaths.

Typhoid fever outbreak with severe complications in Yucatan, Mexico.

Neurologic signs may complicate typhoid fever, and the diagnosis should be considered in individuals with acute febrile neurologic illness in endemic areas.

Neurologic Manifestations Associated with an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever, Malawi - Mozambique, 2009: An Epidemiologic Investigation

Typhoid and paratyphoid are caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, and require intensive care unit management due to complications like intestinal perforation, peritonitis, and secondary sepsis.

Typhoid and Enteric Fevers in Intensive Care Unit

Typhoid fever is rare in the United States, but can be diagnosed through blood culture and treated with ciprofloxacin.

A Rare Case of Typhoid Fever in the United States Associated With Travel to Mexico

Typhoid fever, rhabdomyolysis, and multiple organ damage can be life-threatening, and high creatine kinase and myoglobin levels are useful indicators for evaluating this disease.

Case Report: An Imported Case of Typhoid Fever Combined with Rhabdomyolysis and Multiple Organ Lesions in China

Recent developments in Salmonella genome mapping have provided insights into its pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, improving our understanding of typhoid fever and its surgical complications.

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever causes hematological changes, particularly anemia and thrombocytopenia, in patients with low socio-economic status and un-educated backgrounds, with fever being the most common symptom.

Hematological Changes in Typhoid Fever

A rare case of typhoid fever caused sepsis and DIC, highlighting the need for further research on the association between typhoid fever and DIC.

Sepsis, an Unusual Presentation of Typhoid Fever - A Case Report

Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid fever show mixed diagnostic accuracy, with some showing better results than others, and their potential to replace blood culture as the main diagnostic test for enteric fever.

Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever

A higher prevalence of complications in hospitalized typhoid fever patients was found, with a strong association between the duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization and the risk of serious complications.

Occurrence of Typhoid Fever Complications and Their Relation to Duration of Illness Preceding Hospitalization: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis

Early diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever can lead to complete resolution of symptoms, but early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing neuropsychiatric manifestations and fatigue.

Typhoid Fever and Its Nervous System Involvement

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella. The World Health Organization estimates the current incidence at 16–33 million cases annually. The incidence vastly decreased from its peak. Gastrointestinal symptoms of the disease include:

Typhoid Fever: Gastrointestinal Features

Typhoid fever pathogenesis involves Salmonella typhi adherence to gut epithelial cells, dissemination to systemic sites, and survival and replication within host cells.

Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and disease

Typhoid fever management is increasingly challenging due to drug resistance, and current vaccines and travel recommendations need improvement.

Typhoid fever infection - antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: a narrative review.

Urbanization and climate change are amplifying the global reach of typhoid fever, posing a public health challenge and a global health threat.

Typhoid Fever: An Emerging Global Threat

These studies suggest that the symptoms of typhoid fever include nonspecific febrile illness, gastrointestinal issues, and potential severe complications like gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation, encephalopathy, and neurologic signs.