All subatomic particles
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Overview of Subatomic Particles
Subatomic particles are the fundamental constituents of matter, smaller than atoms, and they play a crucial role in the structure and behavior of all physical substances. These particles can be broadly categorized into elementary particles and composite particles.
Elementary Particles: Quarks and Electrons
Elementary particles are those that are not composed of other particles. The most well-known elementary particles include quarks and electrons. Quarks come in different types, such as up quarks and down quarks, which combine to form protons and neutrons within the atomic nucleus . Electrons, which orbit the nucleus, are also considered elementary particles and exhibit properties such as charge, spin, and orbital motion .
Composite Particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Mesons
Composite particles are made up of elementary particles. Protons and neutrons, which form the nucleus of an atom, are examples of composite particles. They are composed of quarks held together by the strong nuclear force. Mesons, another type of composite particle, are made up of a quark and an antiquark .
Theoretical Particles: Tamaids and Bachs
Recent theoretical models have proposed the existence of smaller subatomic particles called tamaids and bachs. Tamaids are hypothesized to have a mass of approximately 26 MeV and are suggested to be fundamental building blocks of other subatomic particles Lewis1967Patil2015Duer2018. Bachs, with a mass of 0.3263 MeV, are even smaller and are thought to combine with tamaids to form various known particles such as muons, mesons, and baryons .
Mass Relationships and Empirical Formulas
The masses of subatomic particles have been studied extensively, and empirical formulas have been developed to approximate their rest-mass energies. These formulas often involve constants such as the fine-structure constant and reveal patterns in the masses of different particles . For instance, the mass of a subatomic particle can be expressed in terms of integral quantum numbers and specific constants, indicating a quantized nature of mass .
Classical Models and Quantum Mechanics
Classical models of subatomic particles, such as those involving the Kerr-Newman exterior spacetime, have been explored to understand their properties like mass, charge, and angular momentum. However, these models face challenges due to quantum mechanical effects, which suggest that the appropriate stationary spacetime for subatomic particles is flat space .
Micra Particles: A New Hypothesis
A novel hypothesis introduces the concept of "Micra" particles, which are proposed to exist within the atomic nucleus alongside protons and neutrons. These Micra particles are described as the "energy house" of an atom and are theorized to be crucial for the stability and energy dynamics of the nucleus .
Conclusion
The study of subatomic particles encompasses a wide range of theoretical and empirical research. From the well-established quarks and electrons to the hypothesized tamaids, bachs, and Micra particles, our understanding of these fundamental constituents continues to evolve. The relationships between their masses, their composite structures, and the challenges posed by quantum mechanics all contribute to the complex and fascinating field of particle physics.
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