Altitude of international space station
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ISS Orbital Altitude Range and Variability
The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an altitude that typically ranges between 350 km and 460 km above the surface. This range was established for both the ISS and its predecessor, Space Station Freedom, to balance operational needs and environmental factors such as atmospheric drag and radiation exposure . The most commonly cited operational altitude for the ISS is around 400 km, with some sources specifying it as approximately 370 km or 407 km depending on the mission phase and operational adjustments 4568. The altitude can fluctuate within this range due to factors like atmospheric drag, station maneuvers, and resupply missions, which periodically boost the station to maintain its orbit .
ISS Orbit Inclination and Coverage
The ISS maintains an orbital inclination of 51.6 degrees, which allows it to pass over a large portion of Earth's surface, including most populated and scientifically interesting regions 1458. This inclination was chosen to maximize the station's coverage and accessibility for international partners.
Environmental and Operational Considerations at ISS Altitude
At the ISS's altitude of about 400 km, the station is within the ionosphere, where it is exposed to a complex environment of ionizing radiation, including geomagnetically trapped protons and electrons, as well as galactic and anomalous cosmic rays 18. The electrostatic environment at this altitude is influenced by solar activity and the density of charged particles, which can affect both the station and its external payloads . Additionally, the station's altitude is managed to minimize atmospheric drag and ensure the longevity of its orbit, with operational planning and simulation models used to evaluate and optimize altitude strategies 237.
Implications for Science and Technology
The ISS's low Earth orbit at approximately 400 km provides a unique vantage point for Earth and space science experiments, allowing for high-resolution observations of atmospheric phenomena, weather patterns, and surface features 45. Its altitude and orbital path make it an ideal platform for deploying and testing new technologies, including CubeSats and remote sensing instruments 46.
Conclusion
In summary, the International Space Station orbits Earth at an altitude typically between 350 km and 460 km, with a commonly maintained altitude near 400 km and an inclination of 51.6 degrees. This orbit provides broad Earth coverage, supports a wide range of scientific and technological missions, and is carefully managed to balance environmental challenges and operational requirements 145678.
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