Are add and adhd the same
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Are ADD and ADHD the Same?
Introduction to ADD and ADHD
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are terms often used interchangeably, but they refer to different aspects of attention-related disorders. Understanding the nuances between these terms is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnostic Criteria and Evolution
DSM-III and DSM-III-R Criteria
The DSM-III criteria for ADD with hyperactivity (ADDH) and the DSM-III-R criteria for ADHD have been pivotal in shaping our understanding of these disorders. Research indicates that children identified with ADDH almost always meet the criteria for ADHD. However, a subset of children who are hyperactive and impulsive but less inattentive also meet the ADHD criteria, highlighting the evolution in diagnostic criteria over time1.
DSM-IV and ICD-10 Definitions
The DSM-IV reintroduced the concept of ADD without hyperactivity (ADD/WO), which had been omitted in DSM-III-R. This reintroduction has refocused attention on evaluating the differences between ADHD subtypes, particularly in terms of social functioning and clinical assessment5. The ICD-10, on the other hand, uses the term hyperkinetic disorder (HD), which implies a more restricted and severe core group, leading to lower prevalence rates compared to ADHD7.
Cognitive and Behavioral Differences
Executive Function Impairments
ADD/ADHD is recognized as a cognitive disorder involving developmental impairments in executive functions (EFs), which are crucial for self-management and daily task execution. This impairment is a common thread in both ADD and ADHD, affecting children and adults alike3.
Attentional Control Mechanisms
Research differentiates ADHD from ADD based on attentional control mechanisms. ADHD-combined type shows greater weaknesses in response inhibition, while ADD is characterized by an attenuated attentional blink, indicating differences in early- and late-stage attentional control6.
Social and Functional Implications
Social Functioning
Children with ADD with hyperactivity (ADD/H) and those with ADD without hyperactivity (ADD/WO) exhibit different social behaviors. These differences are significant for understanding their social deficits and tailoring interventions accordingly5.
Global Prevalence and Misconceptions
ADHD is not just an American condition; it is prevalent worldwide. Studies show that the prevalence of ADHD in non-US populations is comparable to that in the US, debunking the myth that ADHD is primarily influenced by American social and cultural factors2.
Conclusion
In summary, while ADD and ADHD share common features, they are distinct in terms of diagnostic criteria, cognitive impairments, and social implications. Understanding these differences is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The evolution of diagnostic criteria over time reflects a growing recognition of the complexity and variability within attention-related disorders.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Are ADDH and ADHD the same or different?
ADHD and ADDH criteria are nearly identical, but a new group of hyperactive and impulsive children who are less clearly inattentive also meet ADHD criteria.
Observational StudyThe worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?
ADHD prevalence is as high in many non-US children as in US children, challenging the belief that it is primarily an American disorder.
Systematic Review
Highly CitedADD/ADHD and impaired executive function in clinical practice
ADD/ADHD is a cognitive disorder characterized by impaired executive functions, involving chronic difficulties in executing various daily tasks, and can be effectively treated in clinical practice.
Highly CitedDimensions and types of attention deficit disorder.
The DSM-III-R unidimensional definition of ADHD is not supported by empirical findings, as three distinct clusters were identified: those without ADD, those with both inattention and hyperactivity, and those with inattention and sluggish tempo but no hyperactivity.
Observational StudyHighly CitedThe Social Functioning Of Children With ADD With Hyperactivity And ADD Without Hyperactivity
Children with Attention-deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADD/H) and ADD/WO show different social deficits, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and research.
Highly CitedCognitive Control and Attentional Selection in Adolescents with ADHD Versus ADD
ADHD in adolescents is related to early-stage attentional control mechanisms, while ADD-combined shows greater weakness in response inhibition.
Observational StudyAttention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in a life perspective
Adult ADHD is a common mental disorder with recurrent brief depression, highlighting the need for thorough assessment and treatment planning.
Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined types: relationship to previous DSM diagnoses/subtype differences.
DSM-IV ADHD criteria closely correspond to previous DSM-III diagnoses, supporting a multidimensional conceptualization of ADHD.
Observational StudyHighly CitedNeurofeedback Assessment and Treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders
Neurofeedback can effectively assess and treat attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, which affect up to 10% of the population and impact how individuals perceive and respond to the world.
Highly Cited