B12 deficiency oral manifestations
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Oral Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Key Symptoms
Vitamin B12 deficiency is well known for causing a range of oral symptoms. The most common oral manifestations include glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), papillary atrophy (loss of the small bumps on the tongue), painful erythematous (red) areas, burning sensations, dysgeusia (altered taste), lingual paresthesia (tingling or numbness of the tongue), itching, stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), recurrent oral ulcers, cheilitis (inflammation of the lips), and pruritus (itching) 1234567. These symptoms can sometimes appear before more general symptoms of B12 deficiency or anemia, making oral signs an important early indicator 346.
Glossitis, Burning Sensation, and Mucosal Changes
Glossitis is one of the most frequently reported oral signs of B12 deficiency, often presenting as a smooth, red, and sometimes painful tongue. Burning sensations in the mouth or tongue (glossodynia) are also very common and can occur even when the oral mucosa appears normal 134678. Erythema (redness) and depapillation (loss of tongue surface texture) are also frequently observed, especially in patients with a history of gastrectomy, but can occur in others as well . In some cases, these symptoms are accompanied by mucosal ulceration or diffuse erythematous mucositis 45.
Recurrent Ulcers, Cheilitis, and Other Lesions
Patients with B12 deficiency may experience recurrent oral ulcers, angular cheilitis (cracking at the corners of the mouth), and diffuse mucosal lesions. These symptoms can be painful and may interfere with eating and speaking 25. Oral candidiasis (fungal infection) and pale oral mucosa are also reported in some cases .
Early Diagnosis and Importance for Dental Professionals
Oral symptoms of B12 deficiency can appear before systemic symptoms such as anemia or neurological changes. This makes it crucial for dental professionals to recognize these signs early, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can prevent irreversible complications 346. Oral health professionals should consider B12 deficiency in patients presenting with unexplained oral symptoms, especially glossodynia, burning sensations, or mucosal changes, even if there is no history of gastrectomy or obvious risk factors 67.
Response to Treatment
Most oral symptoms of B12 deficiency improve or resolve with appropriate vitamin B12 supplementation, either orally or by injection, highlighting the importance of early recognition and management 17.
Conclusion
Vitamin B12 deficiency often presents with a variety of oral manifestations, including glossitis, burning sensations, mucosal atrophy, recurrent ulcers, and cheilitis. These symptoms can serve as early warning signs, sometimes appearing before more general symptoms of deficiency. Early recognition and treatment are essential to prevent long-term complications, making awareness of these oral signs critical for both dental and medical professionals 12345678.
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