Black holes radiation
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Black Holes Radiation: Insights and Discoveries
Hawking Radiation and Information Paradox
Hawking radiation, a theoretical prediction by Stephen Hawking, suggests that black holes emit radiation due to quantum effects near the event horizon. This radiation leads to the gradual loss of mass and energy from the black hole, eventually causing it to evaporate. A significant aspect of this phenomenon is the information paradox, which questions whether information that falls into a black hole is lost forever or can be recovered through the emitted radiation.
Recent studies have shown that the "lost" information in black hole radiation is stored in the correlation among non-thermally radiated particles, termed as dark information. This dark information is influenced by dark energy, which lowers the Hawking temperature and extends the black hole's lifetime, enhancing the non-thermal effects and increasing the stored dark information1.
Electromagnetic and Gravitational Radiation
When charged particles fall into a black hole, they emit electromagnetic radiation. For particles with zero angular momentum, a system of electrons emits significantly more electromagnetic radiation compared to gravitational radiation. This emission mechanism is different for particles with larger mass-to-charge ratios and those in spiraling orbits, where the energy emitted remains the same for charged and uncharged cases, but the spiral time is shorter for charged particles2.
Nonthermal Radiation and Entropy Preservation
Black hole evaporation involves the creation of entangled particle-antiparticle pairs near the event horizon. The non-unitary absorption of negative energy photons near the black hole center alters the outgoing radiation, making it non-thermal. This non-thermal radiation carries information about the black hole's interior, preserving entropy during evaporation4.
Radiation from Extreme Black Holes
Extreme Reissner-Nordström black holes, characterized by a specific charge-to-mass ratio, emit charged particles but no neutral scalar radiation. This emission aligns with the predictions of the Euclidean theory, indicating the absence of thermal effects and differing entropy considerations compared to eternal extreme black holes3.
Quantum Optics and Acceleration Radiation
Using quantum optics and general relativity, researchers have shown that atoms falling into a black hole emit acceleration radiation, which resembles but is distinct from Hawking radiation. This radiation, termed horizon brightened acceleration radiation (HBAR), provides insights into the Einstein principle of equivalence between acceleration and gravity and has its own entropy distinct from Bekenstein-Hawking entropy5.
Primordial Black Holes and Dark Matter
Primordial black holes (PBHs) formed in the early universe could dominate the total energy density and produce dark radiation and dark matter through Hawking radiation. This process could help relax the tension between different Hubble constant measurements and produce superheavy dark matter candidates8. Additionally, PBHs can emit gamma-ray signals detectable by future experiments, correlating with gravitational wave signals, providing a multi-messenger approach to studying these phenomena10.
Conclusion
The study of black hole radiation continues to reveal complex interactions between quantum mechanics, general relativity, and cosmology. From the preservation of information and entropy to the emission of non-thermal radiation and the role of primordial black holes in dark matter production, these insights deepen our understanding of the universe's most enigmatic objects.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Dark information of black hole radiation raised by dark energy
Dark energy lowers the Hawking temperature and increases the stored dark information in black hole radiation, making them have longer life times and potentially probed through non-local coincidence measurements.
RADIATION FROM PARTICLES FALLING INTO BLACK-HOLES
Charged particles falling into black-holes emit 10 times as much electromagnetic radiation as gravitational radiation, offering a new radiation mechanism for black-holes.
Radiation from the extremal black holes
Extreme black holes emit charged particles, but no neutral scalar radiation, in agreement with the euclidean theory.
Nonthermal radiation of evaporating black holes
Evaporating black holes produce nonthermal radiation that carries information about their interior and preserves entropy during evaporation due to entangled particle-antiparticle pairs near the event horizon.
Quantum optics approach to radiation from atoms falling into a black hole
Atoms falling into black holes emit acceleration radiation that looks like Hawking radiation but is different, providing insight into the Einstein principle of equivalence between acceleration and gravity.
Information in black hole radiation.
Black hole radiation may contain information, but it may come out slowly or spread out so widely that it may never show up in perturbative analysis perturbatives.
Highly CitedHawking Radiation from AdS Black Holes
Hawking radiation from black holes in (d+1)-dimensional anti-de Sitter space can be viewed as a tunneling process across the horizon, with a leading correction to the semiclassical emission rate arising from back reaction to the background geometry.
Highly CitedDark radiation and superheavy dark matter from black hole domination
In a black hole-dominated early universe, Hawking radiation could produce dark radiation at a level suitable for late-time Hubble determinations, and superheavy dark matter candidates.
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