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Some studies suggest that calcium intake is generally safe and beneficial for bone health and blood pressure management, while other studies indicate potential risks such as cardiovascular disease, kidney stones, and metal contamination with excessive or supplemental calcium intake.
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Calcium is an essential mineral for maintaining bone health and various physiological functions. However, the safety of calcium supplementation, particularly concerning cardiovascular health, has been a topic of debate. This synthesis aims to provide a cohesive overview of the current research on the safety of calcium intake, especially from supplements.
Cardiovascular Risks of Calcium Supplements:
Blood Pressure Effects:
Bone Health and Fracture Prevention:
Calcium Homeostasis and Overconsumption Risks:
Safety of Different Calcium Sources:
Guidelines and Recommendations:
The safety of calcium supplementation is nuanced. While calcium is essential for bone health and can lower blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, there is evidence suggesting an increased risk of cardiovascular events with supplementation. Food sources of calcium are generally safer and preferred. Current guidelines recommend that calcium intake should not exceed the tolerable upper intake level, and supplementation should be used judiciously to avoid potential adverse effects.
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