Cardiovascular organs

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Understanding Cardiovascular Organs: Insights from Recent Research

Cardiac Organoids and Myocardial Infarction

Keywords: Cardiac organoids, myocardial infarction, drug cardiotoxicity

Recent advancements in cardiac organoids have provided a novel approach to model myocardial infarction and assess drug cardiotoxicity. These organoids, which incorporate an oxygen-diffusion gradient and are stimulated with noradrenaline, mimic the structure of the human heart post-myocardial infarction. They replicate key features such as pathological metabolic shifts, fibrosis, and calcium handling at various levels, including transcriptomic, structural, and functional. This innovative model also demonstrates the potential to simulate hypoxia-enhanced doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, making it a valuable tool for drug screening and development.

Cardiovascular System Development

Keywords: Cardiovascular system development, zebrafish model, organ-specific genes

The cardiovascular system is crucial for the distribution of oxygen throughout the body, a vital process for vertebrate development and survival. Interestingly, studies using zebrafish have shown that organs can form and survive mid-larval periods without a functional cardiovascular system, despite it being the first organ to develop. This paradox has led researchers to explore other essential functions of the cardiovascular system during development. Systematic cellular ablations and functional perturbations in zebrafish have identified organ-specific genes and distinct cardiovascular mechanisms that regulate these genes in an oxygen-independent manner. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the cardiovascular system's role in organ development and function.

Interdependent Development of Blood Vessels and Organs

Keywords: Blood vessels, endothelial cells, organ development

The development of the cardiovascular system is closely intertwined with the development of other organs. Endothelial cells (ECs), which form the inner lining of blood vessels, play a significant role in this process. ECs provide signals that influence the location, differentiation, and morphology of developing organs, while also receiving signals from organ-specific cells that impart organ-specific features necessary for interaction with the circulatory system. This bidirectional communication highlights the interdependent nature of blood vessel and organ development.

Cardiovascular Physiology and Function

Keywords: Cardiovascular physiology, systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation

The cardiovascular system comprises the heart and two vascular systems: the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The heart pumps blood through these systems, with the low-pressure pulmonary circulation facilitating gas exchange and the high-pressure systemic circulation delivering blood to organs to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure and flow are primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system and can be influenced by surgical and anesthetic interventions. Understanding these physiological mechanisms is essential for managing cardiovascular health and disease.

Whole-Organ Imaging in Cardiovascular Research

Keywords: Whole-organ imaging, immunolabeling, coronary vasculature

Advances in whole-organ imaging have revolutionized cardiovascular research by enabling detailed visualization of blood vessels within entire organs. Techniques such as immunolabeling and light-sheet microscopy allow for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the coronary vasculature in both neonatal and adult mice. These methods provide comprehensive data on vascular structures and facilitate accurate quantification, significantly enhancing our understanding of cardiovascular biology and pathology.

Organ-on-a-Chip Technology

Keywords: Organ-on-a-chip, cardiovascular diseases, in vitro models

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating cardiovascular diseases. These microfluidic devices replicate key aspects of human physiology and pathophysiology, offering more relevant insights into disease mechanisms compared to traditional cell-culture experiments. Models such as hearts-on-chips and vessels-on-chips have been developed to mimic the synchronized beating of cardiomyocytes and the structural layers of blood vessels under physiological and pathological conditions. This technology holds promise for personalized medicine and improved patient care, although technical and biological challenges remain.

Cardiovascular Brain Circuits

Keywords: Cardiovascular brain circuits, heart-brain circuit, artery-brain circuit

The cardiovascular system is intricately connected to the brain through complex neural circuits. Two major subcircuits have been identified: the artery-brain circuit and the heart-brain circuit. These circuits involve afferent inputs from the arterial tree or heart to sensory neurons in the brain, where integration centers process these signals along with inputs from other brain regions. The processed signals are then transmitted back to the cardiovascular system via efferent neurons. This bidirectional communication influences various brain functions, including immune response, stress regulation, and behavior, highlighting the neurobiological aspects of cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion

The cardiovascular system is a complex and vital network that supports organ development, function, and overall health. Recent research has provided significant insights into the interdependent development of blood vessels and organs, the physiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular function, and innovative technologies for disease modeling and imaging. These advancements pave the way for improved understanding and management of cardiovascular diseases, ultimately enhancing patient care and outcomes.