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Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction to Cannabigerol (CBG)
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the Cannabis sativa plant. Unlike its more famous counterparts, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBG is present in much smaller quantities, typically less than 1% of the plant's dry weight. Despite its low concentration, CBG is gaining attention for its potential therapeutic benefits and unique pharmacological properties1 2.
CBG Production and Biosynthesis
Traditionally, extracting CBG from cannabis plants is challenging and costly due to its low natural abundance. However, recent advancements in biotechnology have enabled more efficient production methods. For instance, yeast biosynthesis and engineered E. coli systems have been developed to produce CBG in a more sustainable and cost-effective manner1 7. These methods not only make CBG more accessible but also pave the way for large-scale production of this promising cannabinoid.
Pharmacological Properties of CBG
Interaction with Cannabinoid Receptors
CBG interacts with both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, although it shows a higher affinity for CB2 receptors. It acts as a partial agonist at these receptors, modulating endocannabinoid signaling pathways. This interaction is crucial for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects2 6. Additionally, CBG has been shown to influence other receptor systems, including alpha-2 adrenoceptors and 5-HT1A receptors, which may contribute to its diverse therapeutic potential3 9.
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects
CBG exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have demonstrated that CBG can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, often more effectively than CBD. This makes CBG a promising candidate for treating inflammatory conditions1 5. Moreover, CBG has been found to reduce oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts, outperforming even vitamin C in some cases1.
Therapeutic Potential of CBG
Skin Health
CBG has shown potential in promoting skin health. In vitro studies indicate that CBG regulates a broader range of genes related to skin health compared to CBD. Clinical trials have also demonstrated that topical application of CBG can significantly improve skin conditions such as transepidermal water loss and redness1. These findings suggest that CBG could be a valuable ingredient in skincare products.
Neurological Disorders
CBG's interaction with various receptors suggests it may be beneficial in treating neurological disorders. Preclinical studies indicate that CBG could help manage conditions like Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis by providing neuroprotective effects3 9.
Anti-Cancer Properties
CBG has shown promise in inhibiting the growth of colorectal cancer cells. It promotes apoptosis and reduces cell proliferation, primarily through its action on TRPM8 channels and CB2 receptors. These findings highlight CBG's potential as an anti-cancer agent, particularly for colorectal cancer4.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
CBG has been studied for its effects on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In animal models, CBG reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting it could be a beneficial treatment for IBD patients. The cannabinoid's ability to modulate nitric oxide production and reduce reactive oxygen species further supports its therapeutic potential in gastrointestinal disorders7 8.
Antimicrobial Activity
CBG also exhibits antimicrobial properties. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of various bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Additionally, CBG can disrupt biofilms and prevent bacterial adhesion to skin cells, making it a promising candidate for topical antimicrobial treatments10.
Conclusion
Cannabigerol (CBG) is emerging as a versatile cannabinoid with a wide range of potential therapeutic applications. From its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to its promising effects on skin health, neurological disorders, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease, CBG offers numerous benefits that warrant further research. Advances in biosynthesis techniques are making CBG more accessible, paving the way for its inclusion in various medical and cosmetic products. As research continues, CBG may soon become a staple in cannabinoid-based therapies.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties
CBG, a minor non-psychoactive cannabinoid produced via yeast fermentation, shows potential as a safe and effective topical ingredient for improving skin health, with potential advantages over CBD in certain areas.
Cannabigerol Action at Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 Receptors and at CB1–CB2 Heteroreceptor Complexes
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a partial agonist of CB2 receptor and effectively regulates endocannabinoid signaling, with potential therapeutic applications in treating various diseases.
In Vitro Study
Highly CitedThe Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol
Cannabigerol (CBG) shows potential therapeutic utility in treating neurologic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease, but more research is needed to identify its therapeutic uses and potential hazards.
Highly CitedColon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid.
Cannabigerol, a non-psychotropic cannabinoid, inhibits colon cancer progression and selectively inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells, suggesting potential for colon cancer prevention and cure.
In Vitro StudyHighly CitedThe Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies.
CBD, CBG, and CBD+THC combination show a predominantly anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, while THC alone does not reduce pro-inflammatory or increase anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Systematic ReviewHighly CitedPharmacological data of cannabidiol- and cannabigerol-type phytocannabinoids acting on cannabinoid CB1, CB2 and CB1/CB2 heteromer receptors.
Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. show diverse affinity for cannabinoid receptors, with CBGV showing enhanced potency in various functions, and their binding modes lead to specific receptor conformations underlying biased signaling.
In Vitro Study
Rigorous JournalBiosynthesis of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid: the gateways to further cannabinoid production
This study successfully developed a synthetic biology platform for cannabigerol biosynthesis in E. coli cells, setting the foundation for sustainable production of rarer cannabinoids in an E. coli chassis.
Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease.
Cannabigerol reduces inflammation in mice, potentially benefiting inflammatory bowel disease patients by modulating nitric oxide production and oxidative stress.
Non-RCT
Animal StudyHighly CitedPharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives
Cannabigerol (CBG) shows potential as a therapeutic agent for various disorders due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
Rigorous JournalCannabidiol and Cannabigerol Exert Antimicrobial Activity without Compromising Skin Microbiota
Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) show promising antimicrobial activity against bacteria and biofilms without negatively impacting skin microbiota, making them promising topical agents for various skin conditions.
In Vitro Study