Cervical cancer hpv infection
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Summary
10 papers analyzed
These studies suggest that targeting HPV infection through vaccines, immune therapies, and improved screening can significantly prevent and treat cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers.
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Cervical Cancer and HPV Infection: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction to HPV and Cervical Cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted virus globally, with over 100 known genotypes, at least 15 of which are high-risk types that can cause cancer . HPV types 16 and 18 are particularly notorious, responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers worldwide. While most HPV infections are transient and cleared by the immune system, persistent infections with high-risk HPV types can lead to cervical cancer .
HPV Post-Infection Microenvironment and Cervical Cancer
Role of the Post-Infection Microenvironment (PIM)
HPV-infected cells create a supportive post-infection microenvironment (PIM) that aids in viral persistence, propagation, and malignant progression. This environment is shaped by interactions among virus-infected cells, immune cells, and host stroma, along with their derived components such as chemokines, cytokines, extracellular vesicles, and metabolites. Targeting the PIM is emerging as a potential strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes for cervical cancer.
Epidemiology and Natural History of HPV Infection
Prevalence and Persistence
HPV is highly transmissible and is the most common sexually transmitted infection in many populations. Although most women clear the infection within two years, those with persistent high-risk HPV infections are at the greatest risk for developing cervical cancer. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the pooled HPV prevalence rate in cervical cancer cases is 81%, with significant regional variations.
Natural History and Carcinogenesis
The progression from HPV infection to cervical cancer is a prolonged process, often taking decades. This long latency period provides a critical window for clinical intervention. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is a necessary cause of most premalignant and malignant epithelial lesions of the cervix .
Clinical Implications and Treatment Options
Immunotherapy and Vaccination
There is currently no treatment for persistent HPV16 infections, which are responsible for 55% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. However, immunotherapy with agents like delNSE6E7 shows promise in preventing the development of cervical and other HPV-related cancers. Prophylactic HPV vaccination has the potential to prevent a majority of cervical and non-cervical HPV-related cancers, especially those caused by HPV types 16 and 18.
Screening and Prevention
HPV-based technologies, including HPV testing in screening programs and HPV vaccines for preadolescent girls and young women, are central to novel primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies. Effective screening and vaccination programs could significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, particularly in developing countries where the burden is highest .
Conclusion
HPV infection is a critical factor in the development of cervical cancer, with persistent high-risk HPV types posing the greatest threat. Understanding the role of the post-infection microenvironment, the natural history of HPV infection, and the importance of immunotherapy and vaccination can guide effective prevention and treatment strategies. Continued research and implementation of comprehensive screening and vaccination programs are essential to combat the global burden of cervical cancer.
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