Ckd medical abbreviation
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Understanding the Medical Abbreviation "CKD"
Definition of CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease
The abbreviation "CKD" stands for Chronic Kidney Disease. This condition is characterized by abnormalities in kidney structure or function that persist for more than three months and have significant health implications . CKD is typically identified by a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m² or the presence of markers of kidney damage, such as albuminuria .
Causes and Risk Factors
The primary causes of CKD include diabetes and hypertension, which are prevalent in high-income, middle-income, and many low-income countries. Other contributing factors include genetic predispositions, certain medications, and chronic infections. The incidence and progression of CKD can also vary based on ethnicity and social determinants of health.
Stages of CKD
CKD is classified into five stages based on the GFR:
- Stage 1: GFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m² with kidney damage.
- Stage 2: GFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m² with kidney damage.
- Stage 3: GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m².
- Stage 4: GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m².
- Stage 5: GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m², which often requires dialysis (denoted as CKD G5D) .
Complications and Associated Disorders
CKD-MBD: Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
One significant complication of CKD is Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). This condition involves a range of abnormalities, including altered levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D. It also affects bone turnover, mineralization, and can lead to vascular or soft tissue calcification . CKD-MBD increases the risk of fractures, cardiovascular disease, and overall mortality.
Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality
Patients with CKD are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. The risk of death increases exponentially as kidney function declines, primarily due to cardiovascular complications. Additionally, CKD patients are more likely to develop anemia, mineral bone disease, and other metabolic disturbances.
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnostic Criteria
CKD is diagnosed through blood tests measuring GFR and urine tests for albuminuria. Kidney biopsy may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of kidney damage .
Management Strategies
Management of CKD involves controlling the underlying causes, such as diabetes and hypertension, and addressing complications like CKD-MBD. Treatment strategies include dietary modifications, medications to control blood pressure and blood sugar levels, and phosphate-lowering therapies . Regular monitoring of serum phosphate, calcium, and PTH levels is crucial for managing CKD-MBD.
Conclusion
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant public health issue with complex causes and serious health implications. Understanding its definition, stages, complications, and management strategies is essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of this disease.
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